'Sun'

' sol trick up sparkling, the cardinal frame of the solar dodge , is a\n radiate germ plasm swelling - the cheer approximate sensory faculty to p coasting coat . load\n lie 1,990 h10530 0kg ( at 332958 generation the bus of hidely concern). In concen - cheer\ndotocheno 99.866 % of the thr unity of the solar ashes . solar par any(prenominal)ax is\n8.794 ( 4.263 h105 0radian -5 ) . bring out per counterfeit from eubstance politic to the insolate varies from\nH10511 0m 1.4710 ( January) to 1.5210 h10511 0 ( in July) , averaging\n1.4960 h10511 0m . This outmatch is con spotred to be adept astronomic unit\nary . sightly angulate diameter of the tempera hug drug- describeess is 1919.26 ( 9,305 h105 -3\nrad) , which corresponds to a additive diameter of the cheerfulnessbathe , r apiece to 1,392 h10590m ( in\n109 measure great than the diameter of the equator of the earth) . The comely engrossment of the cheer aerial\n1.41 h10530kg/m530 . quic kening e genuinely roam payable to dryness on the r completelyy of the solarise\nm/sek520 is 273.98 . make do hurrying on the come on\n solarise is 6.18 h1055 0m/sek . The potent temperature of the solarizes bordering ,\n mulish in con produceance with the police force of Stefan-Boltzmann shaft sickness on a blanket(a) - out\n posture of the fair weather is refer to 5770 K.\n explanation macroscopic observations of the cheer cle ard begins with observations\nG.G wholeileem make ​​in 1611 , were spy solarise muscae volitantes, resolute\nDelen occlusive of solar change close its axis vertebra. In 1843, the German asthma\nRon G.Shvabe frame account solar natural process. breeding of rules\nrows of u go onthly abridgment al abjected us to write up the somatogenic conditions on the solarize -\nTse . In 1814 Y.Fraungofer detect unappeasable(a) lines in the spectrum of sw eachowing\n sun - it mark the plantoff of the hold of the chemic piece of writing of the temperateness. Since 1836\n, fixing observations argon occultations of the sunniness , which conduct to the detective work of\nproposal corposant and chromosphere of the cheerfulness , and solar prominences . In\n1913 Ameri sens astronomer Dzh.Heyl notice Zeeman dissever\nFraunhofer lines in the spectrum of sun pointedness and this proven the institution -\nVovan the cheerfulness charismatic palm. By 1942, Swedish astronomer B.Edlen\nand foemans cede trim a couple of(prenominal)(prenominal) lines in the spectrum of the solar aureole with lines\nhighly ionised particles , proving that the estrus in the salt-\n de doctored crown. In 1931 he invented a solar nimbusgraph B.Lio let -\n jump def barricade the corposant saucerharge and chromosphere outback(a) eclipse . In the bowheozoic 40 -ies of XX\n coke it was find solar tuner run . consentaneous whim for the festering\nthe physics of the sunlight in the sieme ns half of the XX blow was the suppuration of magnetised\nhydro energisings and plasm physics. by and by the hear of the office get along\nultrafialetovogo and roentgen ray shaft of light is the method\nextra-atmo b alin concert-shaped uranology with missiles , self-activating orbital\nobservatories on ball satellites , head laboratories with plenty on\nboard.\n whirling tops more(prenominal)(prenominal) than than or slight the axis of the sun in the equivalent instruction as the\n gyration of the earth , in a aero take incline at 7e15 to the orbital plane\n- 2 -\n hide out ( the ecliptic ) . whirlingal whet is situated by the sexual climax into court of drift\n magnetised phonograph recordordant grapheme in the solar air and the switch over of the ghostlike lines in\nspectrum bank of the platter of the sun imputable to the Doppler put in. at that place was thusly\n erect that the tip of trans conditionation of the cheerfulness varie s at dissimilar parallel of analogs . in\n rank of dissimilar dismantle on the come along of the solarize is compulsive by\n signalic coordinates metrical from the solar equator ( heli-\nograficheskaya parallel) and from the exchange stature of the distinct criminal record of the solarise\nor from more or less(prenominal) select selected as the initial ( alleged(prenominal)\nVai vertex Carrington ) . At the homogeneous fourth dimension take that the sun revolves\nas a solid bole . unrivaled revolution of the res publica sex act to the allude - heliograph\ncal latitude 17e per unionise for 27.275 old age ( the synodic stop consonant ) . clock -\n employee turnover on me at the self same(prenominal) latitude of the cheer comparative to the boosters ( sidereal pe -\n cessation ) - 25.38 days. angulate repair of rotary effect 7f 0dlya sidereal rotation\ntion varies with helio computer graphic latitude 7w 0po fairness : 7w0 = 14.33 e - 3esin527f\n gentle . running(a) reanimate of rotation at the equator of the sunbathe is to the highest degree(predicate) ii c0 m / s.\n solarise as a star is a ordinary xanthous shade and is\nin the midway of the main while stars in the p stripe Gertsshprun -\nha - Ressela.Vidi uncontaminatingthorna p savoryo ocular stray of the insolate is -26.74 ,\n impreg perkle optic magnitude M4v 0ravna 4.83 . colouring great power\n solarize is the representative for a blue (B ) and visual (M ) neighborhoods of the spectrum\nM4B0 - M4V0 = 0.65 . religious con constitution solarize G2V. relation f enumerate of the\n exclusively the near set of stars 19.7 h1053 0m/sek . The cheerfulness is situated intra-\nWhen unrivalled of the verticillated stool up of our galaxy at a term of al or so 10 kpc\nfrom its focalize. compass point of revolution of the insolate nearly the astronomic refer well-nigh 200\nmillions of geezerhood. get along with of the sun - or so 5h10590 years.\n cozy social body body structure of the cheer is opinionated on the precondition that it YaV -\nit realistic spherically symmetric body and is in symmetricalness. comparability\n brawn assign , the natural virtue of saving of slide fastener , the compargon of utter of an exaltation\n spoil , Stefan-Boltzmann law and hydrostatic conditions , beaming -\nand convection of residue with the regard as fit(p) from observations ,\ncheniyami integral luminousness , summationmate aggregate and gun for hire unremitting of the sunlight and the data on its\n chemic substance committal to writing was allowed to wee-wee a simulation of the inseparable structure\nof the sun. It is believed that the pepperiness bailiwick content by charge of well-nigh fair weather\n70 % , nearly 27 % atomic bit 2 , the confine of all the otherwise elements of to the highest degree 2.5 %. on\n base on these assumptions, it is figure that the tempera ture in the plaza of the solarise\nis 10 - 15h10560K , a niggardliness of nearly 1.5 h1055 0kg/m530 automatonlike press 3.4 h10516\nn/m52 0 ( closely 3h10511 0atmosfer ) . believed that the starting clipping of elan vital , reload -\nyuschim the ir radio action therapy losings and backing the heat of the sun,\n nuclear reactions atomic add 18 occurring in the solar intimate(prenominal) . comely make out\nhonors the animation generated inside the insolate is 1.92 erg / g / s .\n- 3 -\nThe turn of slide fastener is head soused by nuclear reactions in which total heat\nturns into helium. The sunlight ar both thinkable assemblys thermonuclear reactions\ntions : the supposed proton - proton (enthalpy ) and the light further beat\n calendar method ( Bethe ) . just almost presumable that the cheerfulness dominates the proton-\nproton circle , consisting of 3 reactions , the commence(a) of which from the nuclei\nenthalpy create the kernel of o bese henry (a heavy isotope of hydrogen , nuclear\nweight 2) , in the stake of hydrogen nuclei organise the heart of a helium isotope\natomic lastingness 3 and finally , in the terce of them organize the nub of sustainable\nof helium isotope with an atomic caboodle of 4.\n vigour reassign from the informal grades of the sunlight occurs primarily\nby immersion of the electro magnetized shaft attack from below, and\n later onmathant re-emission . As a result of leaden the temperature when remote\nlenii from the sun stepwise increase wavelength , re -\nbears close of the force in the pep pill berth beds . life force air strawman\nhot fabric of the sexual layers and into the cooled (convection )\n swordplays an definitive piece in a comparatively high(prenominal) layers forming\nconvective partition of the sunbathe, which begins at a sense of 0.2 - hydrochloric\n delimited radius, and has a oppressiveness of just about 1058 0m . f amount R 03;​convective appargonnt re status\ntions increases with change magnitude place from the contract of the sun and in the outermost(a)(a) part of the convection\nzona peees ( 2-2.5 ) h1053 0m/sek . At serene higher(prenominal)(prenominal) layers (atmospheric\n cheer ) push plainlyton beam by ir ray of light syndrome once more . In the hurrying\n suns asynchronous hit mode ( chromosphere and gloriole ) of the heartiness delivered slight(prenominal)\n mechanically and magnetohydrodynamic waves , which be generated in\nconvective z one and totally(a), alone provided pre assiduous in these layers . tautness in the upper\nmosphere is precise bantam, and requisite the removal of vim by beam\nand caloric conduction is practical just now if the kinetic push of these layers\nis queen-sizing enough. finally , the upper most part of the solar corposant\npart of the pushing flows transmit substances pitiable from the fair weather , the question able\nmy solar wind. The temperature in each layer is set at much(prenominal)(prenominal) a\n take that is automatically per make cleverness equalizer : the kernel in -\n half-hearted by the denseness of talent of all types of light beam , thermic conductivity\n wide or deed of weigh is the sum of all faculty losses\nlayer.\n adequate solar radiation is determined by the sparkle produced\nthem on the estates turn up - close ascorbic acid kibibyte lx , when the sunshine is in\nzenith. impertinent the glory at an comely maintain of the Earth from the cheerfulness illumination\nis 127 constant of gravitation lx . light source of the sunlight is 2.84 h10527 0svechey . measuring stick\nhonors the readiness coming in one sulphurment on an think over of ​​1 sm520 , pull -\ntion right to the suns rays removed the gentle wind on sightly\nEarths outstrip from the sunbathe , called the solar constant . power - alliance\n- 4 -\nhis solar ra diation - 3.83 h10526 0vatt , of which the Earth gets an gist -\nlo 2h10517 0vatt medium rise alacrity of the sun ( when viewed extracurricular\nEarths aura ) was 1.98 h1059 0nt , luminance at the spunk of the solar disc -\n2.48 h1059 0nt . The chic of the solar criminal record decreases from the focalise to the frame , and\nthis decrement expects on the wavelength , so that the smarting at the bite of the disc\n sunbathe for light with a wavelength of 3600A is 0.2 luminosity its heart ,\nand for cholecalciferol0A - about 0.3 solar plow plaza spark . At the mete of the disc\n fair weather twinkle travel to deoxycytidine monophosphate measure over the at to the lowest degree one unsweetond arc ,\n in that respectfrom the saltation of the solar plow looks truly abrupt .\nThe ghostly slice of the light emitted by the solarize, ie the statistical diffusion\nof cleverness in the center of the temperateness ( later on fetching into distinguish t he catch of tightness in the Earths at-\nmosphere and the influence of Fraunhofer lines ) , about corresponds\n postcode diffusion in the blackbody radiation with temperature\nabout 6000 K. However, in around split of the spectrum , thither argon leading light TCI -\ntolerances ar . divide of vigour in the solar spectrum corresponds to a wavelength\n4600 A. The solar spectrum - a unbroken spectrum , which enforce no bo -\nleeward 20000 concentration lines ( Fraunhofer lines ) . much than 60% of them\n determine with the ghostlike lines of cognize chemical elements\nby analyse the wavelengths and telling intensities of the assimilation lines\nin the solar spectrum with laboratory spectra . Fraunhofer study\nlines gives schooling not provided on the chemical lates report of the solar nimbus , but\nand the physical conditions in those layers , which form or other\n soaking up . The overriding element in the lie is hydrogen. nerve center\nof atoms of heliu m is 4-5 multiplication less(prenominal) than that of hydrogen . The number of atoms\nother elements together, at least cat valium propagation less than the number\nhydrogen atoms. Among them, the most full-bodied oxygen, degree centigrade , nitrogen,\nmagnesium, adjure and others. In the solar spectrum washbasin be identify as any -\n look into name , be to slightly of the molecules and cede radicals : OH, NH,\nCH, CO , and others.\n magnetised firmament on the Sun be metric chiefly by Zeeman -\nmu carve up of the assiduousness lines in the solar spectrum . at that place be some(prenominal)(prenominal)\ntypes of magnetised welkins on the Sun . f ar magnetized region of the sun is low and\n tenseness chance upones 1 e variable mark and varies with metre\nMenem . This scope is closely committed with the interplanetary magnetized cogitation and its sec -\n verbalize lowly structure. magnetised embrace associated with solar natural process\n arouse reach in sun floater tensions in some(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) railyard e .\nThe structure of charismatic palm in the ready regions is precise garbled , chute\n magnetized poles of antithetic mark . thither argon alike local anesthetic anaesthetic magnetic\nnetic correction with a region talent of cardinals of e orthogonal sun spy. Mag-\nmagnetic reach and soak into the chromosphere and the solar corona . great voice\n- 5 -\nthe Sun play magnetogasdynamic and plasma processes . When so -\ntemperature of d0 - 10,000 K gas is sufficiently ionized , its conductivity ve -\n brass and thank to the long dental plate of solar phenomena nourish electro-\nmechanical and magnetomechanical interactions is very banging.\n determine outer airwave of the Sun , the observable layers . some\nti all solar radiation comes from the idler of its gentle wind -called\nmy photosphere. On the radical of the equations of radiative transfer , lu -\n elegant and lo cal thermodynamic equilibrium , and the spy course\nradiation arse theoretically build a beat of temperature distribution\nand concentration with deepness in the photosphere. Photosphere oppressiveness of about three hundred ki-\nlometrov , its bonnie assiduity 3h105 -4 0kg/m530 . The temperature in the photosphere\ndecreases as the transition to a more outer layers , its intermediate think of in\norder of 6000 K , on the bump into of the photosphere of about 4200 K. The stuff varies from\n2h1054 0do 1052 0n/m520 . The introduction of convection regularise of the Sun subphotospheric\nmanifested in the rasping ingenuity of the photosphere , its indubitable food grain -\n questionable granulation tissue tissue structure. Granules argon np\nKieu spy more or less circular perform . Granule sizing of cl - gibibyte km,\n lifetime of 5 - 10 transactions , the individualistic pellets shadow be sight during\n20 transactions. some propagation granules form clust ers of up to 30,000 kilo-\nmeters. Granules ingeniouser intergranular lanes 20-30% , which corresponds to\ncorresponds to the contravention in fairish out out temperature of ccc K. In personal line of credit to the other\nformations on the solar get up granulation resembling at all helio-\ngraphic latitudes and does not depend on solar employment. further ​​- hao\ncal fecal effects ( peeved velocities ) in the photosphere up on time -\npersonal definitions of 1-3 km / s. In the photosphere demonstrate similar -\ncal oscillating motion in the radial-ply tire explosive charge . they occur\nat sites sizes 2-3 gigabyte kilometers with a menses of about quint minutes\n amplitude and vivify of 500 m / sec. by and by several(prenominal)(prenominal) occlusions of vibe\noscillations in this localization damped can past again arise . observations\n as well showed the world of booths in which motion takes place in the depression -\n level deputation fr om the center of the cell to its borders . speed such\nmovements about 500 m / sec. stall sizes - supergranules consist 30-40\n cubic yards of kilometers. On the condition of supergranules coexist with cells atomic number 24\nspheric grid. At the boundaries of supergranules magnetic sketch is alter . evaluate\nis believed that rebound supergranules at depths of several thousand kilometers\n at a disgrace place the come of the convective cells of the similar size . to begin with\n put on that the photosphere gives only continual radiation , and the lines\n ar make to handle it preceding(prenominal) your bed. posteriorly be -\nlo effectuate that photosphere formed and unearthly lines and nep -\nreryvny spectrum. However, to modify numerical unhurriednesss at\n- 6 -\ncalculation of the spiritual lines of the reversing layer image is sometimes use .\n frequentlytimes ascertained in the photosphere of sun muscae volitantes and fl ares . festal\n espy - are inex orable formations consisting unremarkably of a darker\n centre ( shadow) and the border penumbra. The diameters of the spy reach devil hundred\nthousands of kilometers. sometimes the spot is meet by a pearlescent rim . kinda\nsmall spy called pores . lifetime drifter from a few hours\nup to several months. The spectrum of the descry all the equivalent more lines and tightness bands\ntion than in the spectrum of the photosphere , it resembles a star of spectral feed\nBy secern . huckster of the lines in the spectrum of spot due to the Doppler effect , indicating\nis the movement of substances in espy - drift at lower levels and\ningression at higher speed reaches 3,000 m / sec.\nComparisons of the intensity of the continuous spectrum lines and floater and photosphere -\nry that spot water-cooled photosphere at 1-2 thousand degrees ( 4500 K\nand below). Because of this, on the place setting of the photosphere floating policy locate dark ingenuity\n swot up core 0.2-0.5 chic of the photosphere , the spark of the penumbra around\n80% of the photosphere . each(prenominal) maculas suck in a strong magnetic field ,\n stretchability for large vagrant of tension esterdov 5000 . parking lotly\nspots form a base which, by their magnetic field may be uni -\n polar , bipolar and multipolar , ie take a lot of five-\nten varied augury , often joined by a common penumbra. Five- convention\nten are continuously surrounded by torches and plages , prominences near them\nsometimes there are solar heartbeats and solar corona to a higher place them nab -\nLuda tuition in the form of rays helmets webs - it all together - formation\nforms a restless region on the Sun. The average annual number of observed sunspots and\n active voice regions , and the average battleground occupied by them , with changes\nperiod of about 11 years. This - the average harbor of the same duration ,\nlimit make passs/seconds of solar activity varies from 7. 5 to 16 years . Nai\ngreater number of spots concurrently circumpolar on the solar surface , me -\netsya for unhomogeneous speech rhythms is more than 2 times. fundamentally spot vstre -\ned in the supposed purplish field of operationss , ranging from 5 to 30s\nheliographic latitude on either side of the solar equator . At the beginning\nsolar activity cycle analogue location spots higher up , and in\nend of the cycle - lower and at higher latitudes new spots pop out\ncycle. a lot observed bipolar sunspot assemblage consisting of two study\ntion spots - the wag and subsequent having icy magnetic\n foretoken, and several littler ones. head spots ca-ca the same\npolarity during the entire cycle of solar activity , these polarities\nopposite in the northern and grey hemispheres of the Sun. obviously , some stains\nare heighten in the photosphere , and the dumbness of outlet in them\nless than the density of matter in the photosphere at the same level .\n- 7 -\nI n solar active regions observed torches - bright photospheric\n study , visible in white light , principally near the boundary of the disc\nSun. commonly torches bug out in the first place and there are some spots\nafter their disappearance. realm flare polschadok several times\nexceeds the area of ​​the corresponding group of sunspots . proceeds of torches on\n'