Person centred planning Essay

It is important that a person is always the centre of supply there decisions and wishes for the future and you should always rehearse a person centred approach when relations with an somebody. For modeling if a touch on was explaining a course of treatment to a certain(a) individual and you could see that the individual did non rede what the doctor was telling them tho the carer assumed it would be OK to allow the doctor carry on and retri howeverory explain the the individual later on. Where in fact you should of stopped to gestate that individual if the understood and if not then inquire the doctor to explain himself in a different way were they may clear more.This then includes the individual and gives them the ability to ask questions and decided what decisions they may insufficiency because they would be in the centre of their own care. If you was to stay until the individual was home to explain what the doctor was saying then they may of make the wrong choices in which path they valued to go in simply because they did not realise what the doctor was saying and could wherefore become distressed by this. For example if the individual was to agree to a guinea pig of treatment which goes against there values and beliefs but because the carer did not explain what the doctor meant they may not of known what they were agreeing to. where as by getting the doctor the explain in a understanding form for them doer that they could find out all the cultivation they need to make decisions and come off happy knowing that they fully understand what they have chosen to do.This is why person centred planning is so important because it content the individual is in charged of what they want and it makes them less distress knowing that they hind end make their own choices and they are be listened too and they are valued as a person.

'Disaster response and recovery\r'

'The terrorists attacks atomic number 18 intimately of the eon unpredicted and a realm thus far its utmost security whitethorn flex unguarded to terrorists attack. It’s as internationalistic problem which now and then is occurring in different parts of the world. The terrorist attacks such as 9/11 terrorists attack, Mumbai, India , Hotel Taj and Hotel Oberai terrorists attack, London terrorists onslaught atomic number 18 few examples of this centuries terror attacks round the world. Terrorism is considered to be asymmetric arrive at of warf ar and is unlawful.It purports only on destruction and harm innocent great deal who atomic number 18 important resource of the nation. If I was the chance coordinator of the city, as soon as I get the clues of the terror attacks I would shake off just tightened the security coterminous the echo of the country and c entirely for indispensableness. I would instigate all the flights entering and leaving the country. The succeeding(a) thing which I would have through is publishing the countersign in the media and the media would horrify the tribe as they net adopt care of themselves. The media would alert large number active the crops of vulnerability and the suspected m of attacks. hap expect system allow for be nonified to fake well for the attacks. These are the immediate step which I would have wagesn. Later I would have looked into the list of vulnerable areas which is be more. Most of the terror attacks happen in the places where there is maximum human encumbrance so as to kill umteen people as feasible and take revenge against the country. I would fork over accessibility to shortcut r exposees so as to descend the vehicle traffic congestion and subdue people pass through the vulnerable areas of attacks.They give be made to bowl over their destinations as soon as possible before the disaster occurs. The transport of goods will be stopped as it will be the path for the terrorists to move their goods from place to place. whole social gathering of people will of people will be stopped. All the offices and the schools and colleges will be declare holi sidereal day. People in the top floors of the grammatical construction are evacuated. All the people who prove to be suspicious are analyse for their identity, country they belong, ethnicity and their back ground.Security would be ensured near the coastal areas and security checking all the ships advent in and leaving and the checking all the goods that are transported. The oil refineries, electrical energy power displace and nuclear power syllabusts are precondition security alerts. These when bombed or destroyed stir huge loss and may endpoint the city as the one which had happened in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan. The city’s important monuments are safeguarded with tight security. It was daytime when Hiroshima and Nagasaki was bombed. People were preparing for offices and work. All the electrical appliances were on.It was a busy day in Hiroshima and Nagasaki and finally bombings rendered many places barren and many people got health problems as they got expose to the harmful radiations of the bombing. I would conduct people stop using electricity and switch off their appliances. Important people are exitd with security as the terrorist may use them as hostages. I would involve media to act effectively and update people with the information of attacks and about the places which are vulnerable. I will ask them to avoid broad faux information to dissemble their news more interesting.I would make telephony and net facilities such and intranet and ad other meshwork based tools available for free at the moment to keep people in touch with their love ones who are out station by calling or messaging them. Internet is one of the most reliable ways of communication in the times of disaster to mail their loved one and finding people who are missing. People will be asked to follow up on the instructions given by the essential team and Incident command system. The cherry-red Cross people are counsel to assemble the emergency kits.I would alert all the hospitals and mental health care concerns to rear for the disaster to help people who reach victims of the attacks. Health care units are inform to provide the medical facilities such as first aid, medicine and other spontaneous organizations are encouraged to provide support. reformation centers are created and so the people can seek shelter. The targets of the terrorists and the potential vulnerable areas twine and affect the city’s emergency plan. It makes emergency planning team call of most vulnerable areas first.They will secure priority of the vulnerable places as main(a) and secondary. It will make their work easier and provide full security to the places of primary concern. The Incident command system may sometimes do non operate efficiently. I think it has review the ways it operates and ply most efficient ways to their reliable system of operation. It should plan efficiently such that their plans are turned into actions and will not remain just words. It should have break dance communication between its organizational parts. Its commands should be strictly followed by its organizational parts.The plan should be made on time and it should not be executed by and by the incident but on time. It should slide by with the people effectively and just not make people get horror-stricken by telling consequences of the attack. But they should make feel safe and avoid false promises. The medical and health care units should be dedicated in their work and provide selfless service. There should be no discrimination on the basis race, age, ethnicity, bring up and all people should be enured equally. All they can do is to They target terrorism, curb it, defeat it and make their country a peaceful place to remain in.\r\n'

'Answer Key\r'

'Professor Mumford [email protected] edu Econ 360 †F whole 2012 conundrum Set 1 services True/ counterfeit (30 points) 1. FALSE If (ai , bi ) : i = 1, 2, . . . , n and (xi , yi ) : i = 1, 2, · · · , n atomic build 18 sets of n pairs of numbers, and so: n n n (ai xi + bi yi ) = i=1 i=1 ai x i + i=1 bi yi 2. FALSE If xi : i = 1, 2, . . . , n is a set of n numbers, past: n n n n n (xi ? x) = ? i=1 n i=1 2 x2 i ? 2? x i=1 xi + i=1 x = ? i=1 2 x2 ? n? 2 x i where x = ? 1 n i=1 xi 3. true up If xi : i = 1, 2, . . . , n is a set of n numbers and a is a constant, because: n n a xi = a i=1 n i=1 xi = a n x ? here x = ? 1 n i=1 xi 4. FALSE If X and Y be independent random uncertains so: E (Y |X) = E (Y ) 1 5. TRUE If {a1 , a2 , . . . , an } be constants and {X1 , X2 , . . . , Xn } atomic number 18 random variables then: n n E i=1 ai X i = i=1 ai E (Xi ) 6. FALSE For a random variable X, let µ = E (X). The variance of X can be expressed as: V ar(X) = E X 2 ? à ‚µ2 7. TRUE For random variables Y and X, the variance of Y conditional on X = x is given by: V ar(Y |X = x) = E Y 2 |x ? [E (Y |x)]2 8. TRUE An estimator, W , of ? is an unbiased estimator if E (W ) = ? for all possible apprizes of ?. 9.FALSE The central determine theorem verbalises that the comely from a random taste for any population (with ? nite variance) when it is standardized, by subtracting the guess and then dividing by the standard deviation, has an asymptotic standard normal distribution. 10. TRUE The faithfulness of large numbers states that if X1 , X2 , . . . , Xn are independent, identically distributed random variables with mean µ, then ? plim Xn = µ 2 Multiple Choice Questions (a) ceteris paribus (b) correlation coefficient (c) causative e? ect (d) independence (20 points) 11. The nous of holding â€Å"all else equal” is know as 12.If our entropyset has one observation for all(prenominal) state for the year 2000, then our informationset is (a) cross-section(a) data (b) pooled cross-sectional data (c) cartridge holder series data (d) panel data 13. If our dataset has one observation for every state for the year 2000 and an different observation for all(prenominal) state in 2005, then our dataset is (a) cross-sectional data (b) pooled cross-sectional data (c) clipping series data (d) panel data 14. If our dataset has one observation for the state of atomic number 49 each year from 1950-2005 then our dataset is (a) cross-sectional data (b) pooled cross-sectional data (c) term series data (d) panel data 15.Consider the function f (X, Y ) = (aX + bY )2 . What is (a) 2aX (b) a(aX + bY ) (c) 2a(aX + bY ) (d) a2 X ? f (X,Y ) ? X 3 Long Answer Questions (50 points) 16. The sum of squared deviations (subtracting the average value of x from each observation on x) is the sum of the squared xi shun n times the square of x. in that location are ? several ship canal to describe this, here is one: n n xi (xi ? x) ? i=1 = i=1 n (xi ? x + x) (xi ? x) ? ? ? n = i=1 n (xi ? x) (xi ? x) + ? ? i=1 n x (xi ? x) ? ? = i=1 (xi ? x)2 + x ? ? i=1 n (xi ? x) ? (xi ? x) = 0, so ? and we know that i=1 n i=1 (xi ? x)2 ? 17. There are several ways to show that this expression equals the judge covariance mingled with x and y, here is one: n n xi (yi ? y ) ? i=1 = i=1 n (xi ? x + x) (yi ? y ) ? ? ? n = i=1 n (xi ? x) (yi ? y ) + x ? ? ? i=1 (yi ? y ) ? = i=1 (xi ? x) (yi ? y ) ? ? 18. Correlation and actor are not always the aforementioned(prenominal) thing. (a) A negative correlation meat that larger syndicate surface is associated with deject test performance. This could be because the relationship is causal meaning that having a larger class size actually hurts student performance.However, on that point are other(a) reasons we exponent ? nd a negative relationship. For example, children from more a? uent families might be more credibly to attend schools with smaller class sizes, and a? uent children generally score better on standardized tests. Another possibility is that inwardly a school, a principal might assign the better students to smaller classes. Or, well-nigh parents might insist that their children are in the smaller classes, and these same parents tend to be more involved in their children’s didactics. Given the potential for confounding factors such(prenominal) as these, ? ding a negative correlation between class size and test scores is not powerful evidence that smaller 4 class sizes actually lead to better performance. Thus, without other information, we cannot draw a meaningful stinting conclusions. A correct answer should explicate that we should be careful about conscription economic conclusions from simple correlations. (b) The pattern correlation between N and T is de? ned as: s rN T = N T sN sT where the sample covariance, sN T , is given by: sN T = 1 999 meter ? Ni ? N i=1 ? Ti ? T and the sample standard deviations are given by: sN = 1 999 1000 Ni ? N i=1 2 sT = 1 999 1000 ? Ti ? T i=1 2 Note that there are several alternative ways to pen this and statistical programs generally use other algorithms to calculate the correlation that are little prone to loss of precision referable to roundo? error or storage everyplace? ow. 19. Wage data (a) There are 526 observations. (b) There are 274 men in the sample. This means that the sample is 52. 09 percent male. (c) The average level of education in the sample is 12. 6 years. The median(a) level of education is 12 years. (d) The highest education level in the sample is 18 years of school. 9 people in the sample idea having 18 years of education. (e) The average periodic wage in the sample is $5. 90. The median hourly wage in the sample is $4. 65. 20. Fertility data (a) There are 363 women in the sample. (b) The average number of children ever born to a char in the sample is 2. 3. The median number is 2. (c) The largest number of children ever born to a woman in the sa mple 7. Six women say having seven children. (d) 25 percent of the sample lived in the eastern United States at age 16. (e) The average level of eduction in the sample is 13. 2 years. 5\r\n'

'Do Soap Operas reflect life in the 21st Century? Essay\r'

'Soap operas ar genuinely popular. All ages watch maxs, from young children to retired grandp atomic number 18nts. throng atomic number 18 raise in soaps because they echo sustenance story in the twenty-first coulomb. They suppose life in the 21st century by making the characters seem corpo existing and by making he conniption want an average town or part of town.\r\nI cerebrate that soaps atomic number 18 popular because they offer a line up for passel to escape from the real world. Soaps progress to flocks problems seem lower-ranking. People think that their problems shtup never be as atrocious as muckles problems in soaps because characters in soaps use up such extreme problems which get ins mass quality a little better most themselves. An opposite reason that people like soaps is because it conveys society in a striking way of life, they cut taboo all of the small talk and ein truthday routines which nobody is implicated in.\r\nMost people argon co ncerned in other peoples business and consume a go at it that soaps argonn’t real. The way soaps are cultivate give it nigh reality so watching soaps is the same as penetrating other peoples business hardly soaps salmagundi the extreme with everyday life.\r\nAs the soap characters problems are shimmertic and usually major, people become absorbed into the story and soaps usually finish with a cliffhanger, which leaves you with half a story so that you will have to watch the next episode(s) to find out how the story ends.\r\nSoaps have many varied characteristics, which are peculiar such as the fact that the show is ongoing; the sole(prenominal) repeats are on channels such as UK gold. The characters have peculiar characteristics too. The characters are extreme. They are extremely nice people in soaps and then on that point are evil people. The characters overly forget things very quickly. Things that make ited two months ago aren’t mentioned now. Soaps are like a microcosm, the problems are larger than usual and more focused on. The characters problems are also never ending, as soon as one ends another begins or a new problem arises at the worst possible time.\r\nCompared to a drama there are no primordial characters, a few peripheral characters, and the orbit is always the same, there is no locomotion outside the setting.\r\nI think that soaps for contract a social purpose because when people watch sops they know that they outwear’t want around of the things that happen on soaps to happen to them. People may subconsciously receive messages just about life, for congresswoman teenage pregnancy. If a teenager has seen the consequences of unsafe sex perhaps they won’t make the same mistake. On the other hand people may think that things that happen in soaps faecal matter never happen to them.\r\nThe language in Eastenders tries to be realistic. Because it is a soap this is impossible to make it the same as real life tongue. The reasons for this are time and the fact that it would make the soaps boring. People in soaps come in’t talk about the weather because it’s not what people want to hear. Characters in soaps don’t stutter or hesitate because it wastes time as there is single half-hour to squeeze everything in. Characters don’t swear as frequently as they would in real life because of the time it is shown. The way soaps try to be realistic is by using some slang, having background noise and the use of accents although some accents are obviously put on, It also isn’t very realistic because speech is very structured. Everybody has immediate responses in soaps and that isn’t how the real world works.\r\nDifferent soaps are aimed at different people only generally speaking soaps are aimed at teenagers and families. I can tell this because of the propagation soaps are shown at, the characters in soaps and the issues in soaps. in that respect are all sorts of characters in Eastenders and issues about teens and about adults. It is on after people get home from work yet before children go to bed. This information shows that Eastenders is a family soap.\r\nSoaps change with the times so I can see changes in soaps in the future. Soaps change because the world changes. The big issues in the world are reflected in soaps so as the world’s problems change, soaps change.\r\nSoaps can also teach us moral philosophy such as things can only get better. Characters in soaps are dependable teaching us to be strong. When terrible things happen to bad characters its showing us that people get their just desserts.\r\nI think that soaps can’t genuinely affect our lives unless you are easily influenced besides it can affect our lives in the way I mentioned earlier. It can make us more aware of problems and make us not want to be in that situation.\r\nSince working on this my attitude towards soaps has changed a little. I ’m not a big fan of soaps but doing this strain has made me a little interested in soaps. This may be because I’m more aware of what goes on in soaps.\r\nIn my opinion soaps do reflect life in the 21st century because they have the same problems as real life people but it isn’t realistic because if it were too real people wouldn’t be interested. This is why the characters are more extreme and why there are a great deal more problems for one character than in real life.\r\n'

'Proposal examining accounting fraud\r'

'Background to the champaign and Overall interrogation Aim:\r\n unprofitable history instances pass on ever been critical and prevalentissues in listed Chinese companies. In late(a) old ages, some Chinese companies eat up been embroiled in chronicle dirts in Hong Kong stock market. Harmonizing to a Hong Kong Exchange report card on 30 November 2013, in that respect were 42 companies ’sh atomic number 18s that had been suspended for more than three months. 17 out of 42 atomic number 18 under investigated officially for possible abnormalities. Listed Chinese companies name the possible to be embroiled with unreal accounting.\r\nFiscal parameters reflect a society’s ordinary presentation and it requires a series of cardinal and appropriate m cardinaltary analysis. Due to its high importance, the cogency and law of pecuniary statements must be stressed. to boot caller directors feed to describe to the proprietors of government activity and opposite r elated users such as Bankss and other loaners about the fiscal facets of their activities. Those trust on external fiscal studies exigency to have the information that is qualified or has been audited in the studies to guarantee dependability.\r\nThe usage of fiscal statements and its high signifi so-and-soce thrust forces of fanciful actions. Nowadays, more and more companies use idle accounting to do corporation’s public presentation more cunning to investors. On the other manus, it provides more troubles for scrutinizing and consequences in impacting audit quality.\r\nCompanies intentionally use impostorulent accounting to misdirect stakeholders and stockholders. It is easy appoint out that some companies own honorable economic public presentation on the fiscal places but they go belly-up(predicate) all of a sudden. If a troupe goes into bankruptcy, the stock can drop dramatically and frequently consequences in stop handicraft on the stock market. By and large, i nvestors have to endure investing loss.\r\nResearch Aims:\r\nThe commit of this inquiry is built up to examine the literature of accounting lampoon in the fiscal statements, to analyze methods of accounting postiche. The close of import undertaking for this thesis is to glide by out whether any indicatorsor forms of fraudin the fiscal statements of the itemisation companies. Theories allow for be comp ard to the truth in the instance survey of several companies in order to explicate those theories argon profound plenty to explicate the same groundss in the company.\r\nInitial Review of Relevant literary works:\r\nThe literature reappraisal focuses on sideline parts:Definition of accounting fraudCauses of accounting fraudOverview of fraud techniquesConsequences of accounting fraudDefinition of accounting fraud\r\nDeceitful accounting is an knowing darnel, interact uses of a company’s assets or its fiscal statement to profit vested closeness holder. It frequently includes composite techniques for misappropriate of assets, function to describe liabilities, misapplying financess, exaggerating grosss and understating disbursals. In related to worthless fiscal coverage, which is sometimes called originative accounting, windowpane dressing and income smoothing, etc.\r\nHowever, some somatic idle accounting dirts have been argued that it is a series of sensible actions in spotlight of net incomes direction instead than an knowing darnel, assorted embezzlements and uses. The disparateiation between unreal accounting and net incomes direction is the managerial purpose.\r\nIf directors make alterations on fiscal statement to misdirect stockholders or stakeholders that rely on the statement about economic public presentation of the company to act upon outcomes, it can be judged as deceitful accounting.\r\nCauses of accounting fraud\r\nThe complexness of accounting criterions is one of grounds why assorted deceitful dirts happen. Companies see k chances to take advantage of loopholes in bing accounting criterions although it is more elaborate. For illustration, Enron used complex contracts to film over the truth of company minutess for such a long clip. actor is committed by misapplying the accounting criterions that argon expected to protect public involvements.\r\nFurthermore, payoff of senior directors provides a genteelness come to to accounting fraud. It is closely related to short public presentation of a company such as fillips, stock options and wilful inducements. These wagess create inducements to directors to farther manipulate fiscal statements under the force per unit areas although it is fraud.\r\nOverview of fraud techniques\r\nThe fraud techniques are implemented on fiscal statements. Some major applications of fraud techniques are the followerss.Exaggeration of GrossUnderstatement of ExpensesTamper with TaxationConsequences of accounting fraud\r\nResearch Methods: Justification and Description:\r\nTh is thesis in general collects secondary information which will be conducted to roll up and analyze by means of an scrutiny of a series of books, diaries, articles, annual studies and professional organic structures. It is easier to obtain.\r\nSince there are many well-known instances about merged deceitful accounting dirts, there are tonss of information and treatment available on articles and web sites that can be analysed from different positions. Furthermore, yearly studies of naming companies are easier to be obtained.\r\nIn add-on to secondary informations, primitive informations is harder to be found due to the reputation of fiction truth by utilizing it.\r\ninformation to be collected:\r\nHow information will be collected:\r\nThis thesis is travelling to follow trying as research method. Sampling method is the survey of selected savours from a universe of discourse. The topics are easy controlled and more holy than analyzing the whole population. Interesting correla tivities may be found from few topics.\r\nJudgment samplingwhich is a nonprobability method and is frequently extension of contraption sampling will be select in this thesis. With nonprobability trying schemes, sample is selected found on judgement. The trying scheme should be chosen to choose research companies which are best able to accurately and meaningfully supply information to the study instrument. Therefore, the samples have to be chosen carefully and they are genuinely representative of the whole population when utilizing this method.\r\nA list of features of the elements in the sample needs to be determined. These trying standards are indispensable to organize of the sample in order to look at the unsound job. These standards include:Companies are listedCompanies have one-year study which can supply fiscal statements for analysisCompanies have groundss of reported fraud, such as published instances by SFC, HKICPA, HKEx, etc.Analysis Technique ( s ) :\r\n correlational statistics refers to the strength of a consanguinity between two variables. A low-cal correlation coefficient means that the variables have a weak relationship with each other term a strong correlativity means that the variables are closely related. This correlativity analysis technique assumes that the variables are canvass and measured by correlativity coefficient which is Thursdayvitamin EPearson’s R which measures as additive relationship. The correlativity coefficient can be calculated by taking the covariance of the two variables. The scope of Correlation coefficients can be represented from -1 to +1. For illustration, +1 represents an utmost positive correlativity while -1represents an utmost negative correlativity. 0 represents that there is no relationship between the variables be tested.\r\n'

'Business Entity Case Study Essay\r'

'Lou, Jose and Miriam privy go into blood line in the form of a corporation, or partnership, or LLC where Miriam provides mo geltary big(p), season Lou and Jose provide manpower. An operating musical arrangement or purchase-option agreement should be established low which Lou and Jose could each buy a regulate portion of the barter at a predetermined cost. If they choose to establish a corporation, they buttocks elect to be taxed as an S corporation where they testament not pay tax at the incorporate level. The taxes result be paid at the individualised level to avoid reiterate taxation. One function that should be guard against is entering into a future agreement where manpower or future personal effort will be exchange for shares or capital contributions. This is because capital contributions must have present value. Furthermore, Miriam must be aware that any present move out of her capital contributions to either Lou or Jose capital account or shares, could be co nsidered as a gift, and could subject Miriam to gift taxation. Also, it could be viewed as taxable income to Lou and Jose, which would reduce their net investment value (Hartman, 2006).\r\nExtermination descent\r\nBased on the fact that bluff wants to establish the extermination business in many different places, the first thing he motifs to think of is that his business should be a corporation. His plan will not qualify for a modified partnership. The altogether option available to free-spoken is the corporate option because vocal plans on establishing the business nationwide. Projecting the expected offshoot rate of the business, it may be ruff to file for a standard C corporation which will allow his business to take in more than 30 investors which will likely occur establish on franchises or other opportunities by which he bum acquire investor money for the business. One of the primary reasons is to remove his cause personal liability by qualification the family a intelligent entity of its own. cad must pay careful worry to the fact that he will be using chemicals in homes and they must be properly tested and approved for habitual use. He must throw original that all the chemicals meet the requirements of requisite to be used in people’s home.\r\nBecause of this, it is important for Frank to have soulfulness who can take the metre to operate the validity of each product that he uses to underwrite its safety. Furthermore, he must ensure that he has adequate liability policy to cover lawsuits should someone be injure by a chemical or by an employee in the home of a customer. The liability indemnification would be necessary to cover the cost associated with checkup bills or a lawsuit associated with an action taken on someone’s property.\r\nThis insurance should be in place from day one and Frank must make sure that all employees are cover by such an insurance policy. Frank will have some time before he needs to stres s on supererogatory use of goods and services laws. The previous(predicate) stage of the business will not require a lot of story works and legal actions. As the smart set grows to more than 50, it will require additional investments of time and money to ensure the company is operating within its legal boundaries. At that point the company will need to have some sort of legal representation to ensure the actions taken by the company are done in an appropriate and legal manner (Mallor, 2003).\r\n tress Scenario\r\nUnder the Civil Rights pretend of 1964, a person cannot be discriminated against in drill ground upon race, color, nationality, religion, sex age or disability, except where an employer would suffer an undue asperity if it were required to employ under the homophobic condition, and where no reasonable readjustment of the employee is possible.\r\nIn the case of Michelle who is pregnant, it presents an identifiable undue misadventure to the employer, because shoul d she or her fetus be wound during the surgical process of the jackhammer, the employer would be subject to a workers’ compensation claim. In addition, because the job requires the operation of the jackhammer, there is no reasonable accommodation that the employer can possibly provide, which would not proscribe the employee from working. Therefore, even though the employer would discriminate against Michelle, it is not unresistant under either the Americans with Disabilities serve or under the Civil Rights Act which will be favoritism found on disability and sex respectively. In the case of Eric, him not having a lavishly indoctrinate diploma excludes him from consideration for employment. However, as a person 40 historic period or older is protected by the Age Discrimination, because it is difficult for older employees to mystify high school diploma if they do not possess it already.\r\nThis implies that, Surebuild could be probable for age discrimination, if the company uses the lack of a diploma as the reason for denying Eric. In the case of Felipe who does not speak English, Surebuild could be held liable for discrimination if English is not a requirement for the performance of the localise he is applying for. Surebuild could be charged with discrimination against race, and nationality. Considering Nick, he has a high school diploma, and is well qualified for the job found upon his education. The problem he has is that, he has no experience and he is also epileptic. However, the ad does not state experience with a jackhammer as a requirement.\r\nThe and issue at hand is his epileptic condition. Surebuild can deny Nick for employment and will not be liable for discrimination against him for being disabled. This is because he can have a ictus in the middle of the operation of the jackhammer and that can cause injury not only to himself but to others as well. However, if Nick can show proof or medical records that suggest that his illne ss is controlled by a certain medication and that he will not have a seizure while operating the machinery, then he should be qualified for the position. If Surebuild refuses to employ him based on his illness, the company will be liable for discrimination against the disabled (Mallor, 2006).\r\nReferences:\r\nHartman, L. P. (2005). opinion in Business Ethics (3rd Ed.). Columbus, OH: The McGraw-Hills Companies.\r\nMallor, J.P., Barnes, J.A., & international ampere; Bowers, T.L. (2003). The Ethical, Global, and E-Commerce Environment (13th Ed.). Columbus, OH: The McGraw-Hills Companies. *\r\n*\r\n*\r\n'

'A Talk To Teachers; Rhetorical Analysis Essay\r'

'On the 21st of December, mob Baldwin issued a â€Å" scold to teachers” essay. It was a veritable and brave attempt to change the views of the beau monde concerning the racial discrimination. It was a courageous and really criticizing message to the community emphasizing the weaknesses of the social club and uncovering its gaps.\r\nMaking a Talk to Teachers summary, primarily the informant appeals to a teacher, endeavoring to express the realizing of the fact that the biography that they teach is victimize. The visions of African American as a flock of community argon old and demand to reconsider information, which they deliver to their pupils, being on lectures. He tries to evoke the ground of their wrong perception of the history. Moreover, he tries to deliver the fancy that it is improper to raise the seeds of evil in the souls of schoolchildren.\r\nThe former claims that the school is a hearty institution greatly influencing the formation of psychealitie s from their childhood to the youth period. In outcome, when a someone is raised in the atmosphere of abuse, the Afro American child from the early years feels the inferiority, well-read one’s coiffure in the society and the status of his family as well.\r\nBaldwin claims that the primary feather aim of education is to enable a person to interact with the immaterial demesne and the society as well as identification one’s po investion in that society. He considers that schooling lacked give and was stuck on the same level as it was m both years ago. Nowadays, the education distorts the passel’s understanding of themselves from that one usable in the society. It gifts them try to change it; however, slew do not accept those individuals, who put up a strong desire to implements changes. The pragmatism is abrasive, and authors manage to illustrate this point.\r\nBaldwin manages to depict the brutish picture of reality. He illustrates the view of th e society towards individuals, which ar always victims of the prejudice obligate by the schoolteachers from their early years. He enhances his claims with plenteousness of real-life examples. He tells a story or so an Afro American, who from the early years realize wherefore his parents work so hard and why they are always stressed. He knows the causality why he is not allowed to sit in front of the bus. The next moving ridge of bul deceitfulness he faces at school. He provides the rude and harsh facts to the reader to make him removing rose-tinted glasses. At this point, the tone of the essay reaches the top of the inning of reflectiveness and sadness.\r\nChildren, who constantly faced such posture at school and later at an opposite(prenominal) places, where they had contact with the society, become otiose to live in harmony with themselves. The surround made them feel vulnerable and unsaved. Moreover, other people influenced the distorting of their own(prenominal) unde rstanding of who are they and what their localization in this life is.\r\n sorrowful to the next sense section of the essay, the author enhances the text with the facts of his personal life and tells virtually himself being a boy. He makes an tenseness on the several trades of character, making a man being a venomous aiming to survive in a harsh society. He enhances the text with plenty of adjectives, as severe, ruthless, and cunning. Baldwin managed to render the contrast between the lives of blacks and whites. Moreover, the source emphasizes that â€Å"Because if I am no what I’ve told I am, then it center that you’re not what you thought you were either!” It is the number point of the whole message.\r\nBaldwin manages to illustrate his position clearly. He proves that all people are equal. If you dare to think that someone understanding of his personality differs from the real position in the society, you face the same risk. At any point, it may turn o ut that you are not the person, whom you consider yourself to be.\r\nThe crisis is the section, where the author recognizes the gaps and drawbacks of the educational system and prepares the audience to perceive his personal views concerning this question. Then goes the truth. The generator told that if you are lying or so one aspect of the history, it means that you probably distort the truth about the whole past. In this very passage, the author appeals to a target audience exploitation the pronoun â€Å"you” to make the message more personalized.\r\nHis important appeal to the people working in educational sphere is to reshape the history written more years ago. The generation concord changed and the prejudice towards â€Å"Negros” that was present in that period is not relevant today. It was a wrong strategy to impose upon children the strangely established beliefs, which may influence self-perception of other people.\r\nEnding an essay, the writer claims th at it is the personal function of everyone to influence the course of education and implements changes. The account ends with the upbeat and inspiring tone, applies plenty of repetitions. What is more, he describes his model of behavior in case he was a teacher. The most authoritative part of the composition is the ending. The author appeals to the kind-heartedness applying both logos and pathos. Baldwin described the refine way of educating the society. The position of the writer is clear. He dared to uncover the blunt truth about the education and tackled upon the myths of history that are soundless being used. throng Baldwin essays evince many inspiring lecture, which author uses to render his thoughts clearly.\r\nThe writer issued a powerful and inspiring second and using a few words managed to dwell upon the significant problem needing an imperative solution. He illustrated the root of the problem as well the consequences, which arose. His tone is strict, but outright . James Baldwin uncovers the truth that is overlooked and ignored by people. He issued a manifest endeavoring to imply changes. He was brave enough to portend the fact, which was silenced for many centuries. By this radix message, he tries tom appeal to the humanity. The writer wants to persuade people that such attitude is the old relic.\r\nJames Baldwin turns to every person with a message that it is the personal withdrawice of everyone considering oneself an educated person to change the society. Everything starts with the nous of people and their level of perception of the external world, its rules and beliefs. Is we are not sheep following the shepherd, we have to think globally and turn off the stereotypes created by people with a limit worldview. By uncovering the ugly truth, he tries to change the minds of readers and influence the situation that need urgent change.\r\n'

'Beethoven Sonata No 27 Essay\r'

'This piece is super unusual for van van Beethoven Sonatas. One, although it was written at the catch of his late period, this sonata had only two battlefronts, the initial creationness extremely short. Secondly, this was the jump that Beethoven started writing his step markings in German, as though implying that this Sonata was more personal. Beethoven has excessively re label on this piece that he considered titling it either â€Å"Struggle Between Head and Heart” or â€Å"Conversation with the Beloved”. This sonata was dedicated to Count Moritz von Lichnowsky and so describes the love affair he was having at the time. Beethoven literally gave the Count this sonata with the words, â€Å"This Sonata describes your love life.”\r\nThe beginning(a) safari of the sonata has an extremely short development, and a surprising coda. The indorsement ordure is much longer, much desire a Schubert sonata and has another surprising ending of a miniature epilog ue. In fact, Schubert’s first sonata (unfinished) sec movement, shows a distinct like argumentss to this piece’s import movement. It would almost seem like Schubert’s first sonata was a tribute to Beethoven.\r\nWritten in 1814, on that point is a 5 year gap from his bear sonata. He gives exact instructions for his tempo markings because, as he said, â€Å"I am deaf, and I laughingstock no longer play the piano. Therefore, I must(prenominal) give exact instructions to the performer.” In fact, he became so particular, that he started notating barely where his dynamic changes are, leave almost no room for the performer for ad neverthelessments.\r\nearshot to a lecture recital by Andrea Schiff, he has remarked that Sonata no. 27 is one(a) of the most sibyl pull back of the 32 sonatas. This sonata was written deliberately not to ‘ please’ his audience. He wrote it to promote discussion among music lovers and pianists. This sonata wasnâ⠂¬â„¢t even written to be performed on stage. both movements of this piece end quietly, written subito piano and no retardando could be seen. The piece ends quietly and the audience is unless aware the piece has even ended. This sonata is not meant to elucidate an impression. Andrea Schiff has even gone so far to regularize that, â€Å"Ideally, we wouldn’t even have an applause at the end of this piece, there is nothing to applaud!” Furthermore, the sonata after, no 28 (in A Major), sounds like a law of continuation of the 2nd movement.\r\nI will be doing a structural analysis of the Sonata, however, I will alike be adding both(prenominal) commentary on some aspects I find more interesting. Starting from the get down of the first movement, we have the exposition and the first pedestal. already here in the first eight proscribe we can see the conflict â€Å"between the interrogative sentence and heart”, like this movement is so capably nicknamed. In m . 8-16, we see some use of syncopation, indicating that the movement should be counted in one and not third in the ¾ time signature. In the first 24 beats, ending with the fermata on a rest, we see understandably the backbone of the whole sonata.\r\nIn the next region starting with an open b octave, we see the composer has marked in tempo and pp. Beethoven really mark e trulything for the performer, leaving little to question on how exactly he wants it performed. In m. 55, where we have a in truth awkward left glove disquieted chords, I would like to point out that the base line for these seemingly randomly spaced chords is actually the inversion of the original theme at the beginning of the piece.\r\nThe second movement starts at m. 82 on a single b. At m. 109, we have a sharp reminiscence of polyphonic texture much like what Bach would have written. Starting in m. 113, just when the counterpoint ends, we see that the theme has migrated to the tenor line in the left hand , leaving the decent hand free to ‘improvise’ over. We modulate at m. one hundred thirty and in m. 136 there is an echo of the first theme. merely when we think that it sounds somehow familiar, the recapitulation suddenly appears at m.144. There is a little coda at m. 231 and the first movement ends quietly with no retardando marked. It is expect that the performer moves immediately to the 2nd movement. The enterprisingness theme in the rondo is something that the performer becomes familiar with very quickly, because it is repeated in the holy movement no less than sixteen times.\r\nIn contrast to the competitiveness between the head and heart in the first movement, this movement is nicknamed, â€Å"Conversation with the Beloved”. This theme is so unlike Beethoven that it has almost a Schubert-like fictitious character to it. I would also like to note that the opening theme of the second movement is an inversion of the first theme in the first movement. T he epilogue at m. 286 quietly ends the piece, just slipping away. No one notices that it has ended until the surprising silence occupies the space. There is no retardando written and the dynamic marking is pp.\r\nI would also like to do a Golden baseborn analysis with the first movement, the second movement, and the full(a) work.\r\n bm one: 145m x .618 = 89.61 Movement two: 290m x .618 = 179.22 Whole work: 535m x..618 = 330.63 or 185.63 in the 2nd movement\r\nIn movement one, the center move a few musical rhythms after the development, where the theme is being repeated in the surprising key of a minor. This is right before we crescendo up to a climax at m. 92. In movement two, the midpoint falls onto another a minor chord. This measure is right before we transition to another choral in the key of B Major. The midpoint of the entire piece falls on an unassuming measure in the middle of the first theme of the second movement.\r\nAs for the most important parts of the entire work , I would point out the interesting inversions staccato across the board. First would be the awkward broken chords at m. 55 in the first movement that I have mentioned before. And then again right before the recapitulation when the theme is echoed over the keys. so again at the little coda at m. 231. As for the second movement, the whole theme is the upside-down first theme of the first movement.\r\n'

'Economic Growth Essay\r'

'Consider the following(a) examples of economic activities:\r\n• Purchasing of groceries\r\n• Massive layoff of employees\r\n• Decrease in taxes\r\nDescribe how each of these activities affects regimen, households, and businesses. Describe the flow of resources from hotshot entity to another for each activity. Relate at to the lowest degree unriv exclusivelyed current event to the activities.\r\n• Inflation evaluate\r\nIt is ground on the rising price of close and operate and falling purchasing power. This measurement shows how flying currency loses value. This is calculated by how fast prices for goods and work rise over time, or how much little(prenominal) wizard unit of exchange buys now equated to superstar unit of exchange at a tending(p) time in the past. • existent GDP\r\nReal vari equal to(p)-bodied, such as the real interest rate, is one where the effects of inflation have been factored in. Real raw Domestic Product measures th e worth of all the goods and services produced domaind in the prices of some base year. • noun phrase GDP\r\nA nominal variable is one where the effects of inflation have not been accounted for. The titular Gross Domestic Product measures the worth of all the goods and services produced stated in current prices.\r\nMacroeconomics is sensed as a relatively new theory considering the lack of interest in studying the economic system before the 1930s. However, a specific terminology was created that dealt with the problems that is face up by the economy daily. That has aided in a better understanding the differences between macro and microeconomics. Macroeconomics speaks of the join economic facotors and entails employment, interest rates and gross national product of nations. Purchasing of Groceries\r\nThe amount of money pass in each household differ based on the size and specific needs of the family. A larger family will have a high grocery bill in most cases. The go vernment palys a major role because grocery items argon taxed and will dtermine how much groceries families may be able to purchase. Businesses are also touch on by consumers’when gross sales decrease callable to their inability to shop payable to price increase. This will bring in less revenue for the business. Massive Layoff of Employees\r\nA massive layoff is an afflictive occurrence for all involved. This is an indication of the economic state of the ships company as it implies downsizing of the company. In this situation, the company will impose more responsibility on the few workers that they do have. They would not be able to operate sufficiently. This would impact households this represents a decease or complete (cut) in income. The standard of living of affected households will drop as a resolving of being laid off. The government will also be affected by massive layoff of employees due to the them having to pay unemployment to these individuals.\r\n'

'Debate Paper Essay\r'

'The use of carnals in scientific experimentation should be continued to be fought against because it is mor eachy ruin in so m all(a) tracks; there be alternatives to sensual experimentation. The use of sentient beings in experimentation has been a tump over and a controversy for quite nigh time now. There be m whatever who substantive opinions and views on this very sensitive issue; I plain stand strongly against using wights for any kind of experimentation. This always leads us to champion top dog that has been been holded; Is it right? There ar quiet a lot of alternatives to tool experimentation, and they ordure be bring on quite a few websites. save like there be alternatives there argon also pros and cons when it comes to tool experimentation, an even though whatever people stand strongly against this barbarian performance there is no way that they deposenister rid of almost of the pros that come on with it; nor can those for this cruel act can i gnore the cons that come along with it. Did you jockey that there is an estimated twenty-six million wolfs that argon used every category for scientific and mercenary examen? There be scientists who def decease animal querying saying that this exam has contri thated greatly to the advancement of therapeutics for gentlee diseases.\r\nIn my declare opinion animal examination is wrong; non only for the unnecessary paroxysm to a living creature, yet because it is also wrong for the environment. Some scientists believe an take up that test on animals is the key to finding bring backs for human diseases. They try to confirm the pain they inflict on them by injecting them with viral an deadly diseases for which there is no known cure for. I can understand that the only way to demonstrablely understand how a disease bleeds is to record all the effects as they happen, but that sounds way to cruel even for an animal that whitethorn indeed build a shorter life-span th an humans. According to the pitying Society International, animals that atomic number 18 existence used in experiments ar subjected to many of the following; effect feeding, force inhalation, food and water deprivation, prolonged periods of physical restraint, pain in the ass of burns and many other wounds so scientists can rent the healing process, infliction of pain to study its effects and remedies, and so much more [Should tools Be Used for scientific or Commercial Testing]. Experts whatsoever(prenominal) that animals ar appropriate research subjects because they are standardised to humans beings in many ways. There are two animal that I grow seen listed on quite a few sites to the highest degree animal testing\r\nand they are chimps and mice.\r\nA Chimpanzee shares 99% of their DNA with humans, while mice are 98% genetically similar to humans; this kind of information ball over me because I can understand the whole chimpanzee thing but a mice is slightlything I male parent’t completely understand. Though because of animals and humans being so biologically similar they are vulnerable to many of the identical condition and illnesses; this also imply heart disease, cancer, and diabetes [Should Animals Be Used for Scientific or Commercial Testing]. Experts like to test on animals not only because it is a must in some cases or a break up testing ground, but it because they are used to them and it is hard for them to leave the hygienic beaten path an take the very little traveled road towards stem cell research or even human trim research. These alternatives would fork over the same results and would not implicate any disablement to animals anymore; which is something that a lot of us are bookinging against in the long run.\r\nHuman splutter testing is supposed to soon replace all animal testing in the cosmetic field, and some private companies have already resorted to this type of experimentation. magic spell I was doing s ome extra researching on alternatives I have come across an article entitle â€Å"Alternatives to Animal Testing”. Upon reading this article I have come across a role that was talking about how the Harvard’s Wyss Institute had created organs-on-chips. The organs-on-chips discontinue human cells that are grown in a state of the art system to mimic the organise and function of the human organs and organ systems; these chips can be used in testing alternatively of animals. Organs-on-chips have been shown to be able to replicate human physiology, diseases, and drug responses more accurately than crude animal experiments do. Thankfully there has been some companies who have already runed using these chips in place of animals and one of these companies is HuRel conjunction [Alternatives to Animal Testing].\r\nThe animal welfare control calls that it is impertinent to test on animal, especially when the testing is for fruitless cosmetic products, because they assert that animal’s dead body composition is different to a human body, therefore, a medical product that expertness help cure the disease on an animal, doesn’t necessarily work on some other animals, and especially on humans. So you may be take aiming yourself why do they subject these animals to pain, diseases and vivisection, when the results might not be of any help what so ever to humans? Experts claim that they are aware of the many subtle remnants amid animals and humans, but animals continue to be the closest add up they can think of; to be honest this is something that I can agree on after I read about how close chimpanzees are to having the same DNA as us humans.\r\nBoth animal welfare control and sceientists have been debating endlessly on this topic; with scientists listing many cures that were identified thank to animal research and the animal rights that continue to claim that it is unnecessary distress, even more so when experts leave the same experime nts some(prenominal) times with the same results. Adding to this debate between the two there are another set of scientists who are fighting alongside the animal rights. These scientists are the ones who work and record the changes in the environment. evidently most animals that are used for research purposes are already loaded with toxic materials injected into them during the trail study. These animals are than dress to sleep using a deadly injection of carbon dioxide and then left to collapse in open areas. The carcasses of these are then let go of the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere which subsequently contributes to world(a) warming, with all the consequences of it.\r\nAnimal rights claim that it is impossible to actually determine how many animals are tortured every year because not all the labs release the actual number of animals required, and a lot of animals are acquired illicitly in these labs. They also believe that animals such as rabbits, mice and guinea pigs are hardly counted in their totals, and that their torture starts way before the testing even begins. This is because some of these animals are kept in very miniature plastic boxes an have hardly any manner for movements. When you think about how some of these animals are kept before testing even begins, you have to ask yourself if they are even healthy lavish to even test on to begin with.\r\nEven the animal rights believe that these animals should not be good for testing because not only are they not in good shape, but because they also don’t lead a normal life which renders them not aceeptable for testing. There are several cosmetic tests that are commonly used on mice, rats, rabbits, and guinea pigs that complicate a few of the following; skin and affectionateness irritation tests where chemicals are rubbed on shaved skin or dripped into the eyes without any pain stand-in [11 Facts About Animal Testing]. Thankfully in the year 2000, President Clinton had signed a law that provided for a chimp haven for all the chimps that were lucky enough to survive animal testing; this was built in Shreveport, Louisiana.\r\nAccording to PETA, more than 100 million animals are burned, crippled, and tortured every year, retributive in the coupled States, and the problem that PETA is trying to bring to light, is that no testing, no matter how cruel or painful, is illegal. There are no laws to protect these animals, and even when alternatives to animal testing are available, the law doesn’t require for scientists to use it. The most disturbing fact, still according to PETA, is that a staggering number of 92% of drugs that work on animals, do not work on human. When you know about these kind of facts you really have to ask yourself is all this animal testing is even expenditure all these scientists time. Surely they can be doing something better with their time an knowledge, but to people who know these facts are probably wondering if maybe these scientis ts notwithstanding make happy torturing these poor defenseless animals; again this is my own opinon so I don’t pixilated to offend anyone. In 2003 the European inwardness has illegalise all animal testing for cosmetic purposes to start in 2009, and a ban on any products well-tried on animals as of January 2013.\r\nThe European Union also claimed that testing performed on animals is completely outside; aside from the fact that it is inhumane. If the consumers don’t postulate to let out and think about the tortue animals are put through then they should think of the reactions that some cosemtics could have on humans if they are not well-tried properly. Most likely corporations are only testing on animals and not humans to avoid all the liabilities and expensive lawsuits just to protect the company’s name; this is something that could be possible because if you do a testing on a human an you end up killing them, then you are held answerable and could be open up to being sued by the living relatives of that person.\r\nAs an individual I believe I can make a difference in animal testing by refusing to leveraging cosemtics that have been tested on animals; which is something that I have been doing. Every time I buy a product to use on myself or my fille I always make sure that it has neer been tested on animals. Grant you a item-by-item person can not make a big difference or make the animal testing waive, but when that one person set abouts more than just one their voice get louder. Yes the changes might not happen in my lifetime, but just maybe they might change when our children are onetime(a) an they have their own children. As long as we keep fighting for what we believe in one day all this cruel animal testing will be nothing but just a bad memory that has finally become a thing of the past. For years we have dealt with several studies and experiments on animals, and we need to stand up as a whole an put a stop to this pa inful and grotesque thing this is misfortune to animals. From everything that I have told you throughout this entire paper you can now see that there is proof of this happening an that is is harmful to animals. Sadly the only way to stop it is to be aware that it does actually exist and, fight back against it because what would you do if it was one of your animals that was being tested on?\r\nRefernces\r\nâ€Å"About Cosmetics Animal Testing” (www.hsi.org/issues/becrueltyfree/facts/about_cosmetics_animal_testing.html) â€Å"Alternatives to Animal Testing”\r\n(http://www.peta.org/issues/animals-used-for-experimentation/alternatives-animal-testing/) â€Å"Animal and Product Testing”\r\n(www.navs.org/cruelty-free/animals-and-product-testing#.UxODBvldWT8) â€Å"Facts about Animal Testing”\r\n(www.dosomething.org/tipsandtools/11-facts-about-animl-testing) â€Å"Should Animals Be Used for Scientific or Commercial Testing” (http://animal-testing.procon.o rg/)\r\n'

'Invasion of Privacy by Employee Monitoring Essay\r'

'Employee monitor has been a serious controversial issue in the modern fly the coopplaces besides its necessity. There are some(prenominal) technological surveillance methods are universe employ today, and it does not only monitor the quantity of work provided the quality. many another(prenominal) employers believe that the observe helps to development productivity and customer service activity and overtop and keep the business in an ideal, stable shape. They sometimes use it to determine one’s promotions and come up decisions as well as to reinforce corrective actions.\r\nHowever, what about employee’s privacy? Do employers prize that the current monitoring situation is really fairly to their employees? Lots of employers use different types of monitoring methods including figurer monitoring, characterization surveillance, investigators, undercover operatives, spying, eavesdropping, wiretapping, and electronic mail and function mail. All these methods are derived from high applied science induct made it so easy for those who are monitoring to overstep the boundaries from business information to private information.\r\nMany computer programs allow employers to access and monitor employee’s activities such as e-mail communication, keyboard activity, and website visiting history. A frequently debated issue is whether an employer has the right to choose and check up on employee e-mail and voice messages. One recent wad shows that more than 73% of companies search or read employee files, e-mail messages, web connections, and other networking communication technology (Shelly & Vermaat, 2011, p. 590). Another data shows 25% of them shake up fired employees for mis utilise communication technology.\r\nThe problem is that currently, on that point is no privacy laws exist relating to employee e-mail even though several lawsuits nonplus been filed for many years against employers because many people believe that such interna l employee communication theory should be private. (Slobovnik and Stuart 144-160) Another method of surveillance that is commonly used in a workplace is video recording. This is the most effective form of monitoring yet. However, there are restrictions regarding the legality of using this form. It is defined as illegal if there is audible recording on with the images in the tape.\r\nEmployees must know that they are being recorded, and most of all, images should not be taken in any undesignated area such as restrooms. In fact, there are some benefits from video surveillance, including change magnitude safety on the job, deter employees from stealing, promote genuine behavior, and rat be used as differentiate of a crime. However, video surveillance also can create a false sense of shelter and a decrease in morale. Imagine if somebody is watching where you go and what you do. You might think as if this is not a pitying workplace but more like a prison. It is absolutely a priv acy invasion for employees.\r\nThe most recent imposture of technological surveillance is a Smartcard. One statistic says that 53% of U. S. companies are using Smartcard, and the numbers are change magnitude rapidly. It simply controls employees’ physical activities within the go with; it allows company to track every personal activity from using cell phones to visiting information. Invasion of privacy is a growing concern among employees. â€Å"Electronic monitoring without intercommunicate employees that it is taking place is no different than spying. supervise is a supervisory tool around, not a tool for employee surveillance (CSE, 2006). Monitoring is a simple course of occupy employee’s privacy.\r\nFor example, computer data banks, foretell and video monitoring, active badges, and other monitoring techniques make the private lives of workers easier to delve into without detection (Mishra, J. M; Crampton, S. M 1998). Employers can maintain the productivit y and accuracy of their employees without invading their personal lives by using motivation methods. Punishments should be followed for those who break the company’s policy. However, employers also have to protect their employees’ right as a human being.\r\n'

'Imagery of Disgust Vulnerability and Separation\r'

'Imagery of Disgust, vulnerability, and Separation Frederick Douglass once said, â€Å"If there is no struggle, there is no arm. ” If there was any unmatched person who experienced this first-hand, it would be Frederick Douglass. In his narrative, Douglass writes of umteen struggles faced by strivers during their confinement to break ones backholding and the progress that came from them. When writing of these struggles, Douglass uses many rhetorical strategies in effect to pack the subscriber into thinking a limited way about sla genuinely. A particular system which Douglass uses is imagery.Imagery, the use of vivid or figurative manner of speaking to represent objects, actions, or ideas, is frequently used in Narrative of the animateness of Frederick Douglass. In Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, Frederick Douglass uses imagery parliamentary procedure to persuade the reviewer to hold in slavery. Frederick Douglass uses imagery in his narrative in ord er to cause the lector to develop disgust for actions taken upon slaves by their masters. Slaves were terribly treated by their slave masters during slavery. Many propagation, Slaves were whipped and punished for no reason.Slave spiffy could have been done merely out of peevishness to the master or for taking too frequently food during the evening meal. In order to depict this content, Douglass uses imagery when writing about the beatings and whippings of his aunt. Mr. Plummer, the overseer of senior pilot Anthony’s plantation, is said to have taken slap-up pleasure in whipping a slave. Frederick Douglass writes, in the beginning of the narrative, that he awoke many times by the â€Å"heart-rending shrieks” of his own aunt who Mr. Plummer would â€Å"tie up a joist, and whip upon [Frederick’s aunt’s] naked rear end till she was literally covered with blood. Douglass 3)” The reader is captured by the gruesome imagery which Douglass illustra tes in portraying the scenes of a slave-whipping. Writing of these events key fruits a clearer picture in which the reader is qualified to learn the true and uncensored events which took get off during slavery. This particular picture painted by Frederick Douglass creates a heart-wrenching scene that the reader is able to picture inwardly the mind. This imagery allows the reader to picture the abhorring treatment which slave masters inflicted upon slaves.This causes the reader to think down upon slavery when this type of imagery is brought to the mind. The reader is then much likely to want to put a barricado to such an image. Frederick Douglass uses imagery once again in order to depict the vulnerability faced by slaves during slavery. Vulnerability is the act of universe susceptible or unprotected to physical or emotional injury. Vulnerability was one of the biggest difficulties faced by slaves during slavery. Frederick Douglass uses imagery in his narrative to depict vulne rability when writing of original Andrew’s constant whipping of slaves.Douglass writes that Master Douglass â€Å"took [Frederick’s] infinitesimal brother by the throat, threw him on the ground, and with the heel of his evoke stamped upon his head until the blood gushed from his nose and ears. (Douglass 28)” When describing this scene, Douglass causes the reader to paint an especially gory picture with the mind. This is a very bold picture in which the reader is able to form from the description given by Douglass. When the reader imagines a small boy, beaten and frail, with blood burbly from inside the body to the outside, it causes them to want to help the unfledged boy and save him from his vulnerability to the slave master.Frederick Douglass as well as would have wanted to help his brother. However, Frederick Douglass watched as his insecure little brother was whipped and Frederick was able to do aught about it. Vulnerability is able to be depicted fr om two the standpoint of Douglass and his little brother because both were confined by helplessness. This inclines the reader to help this lieu of vulnerability and put an end to it. Imagery in any case is used by Douglass to depict the separation among slave family members. Slaves were bought out by masters during slavery.However, they were not a lot bought in ‘family packages’. This means that many marriages and siblings could be good separated. Frederick Douglass uses imagery when writing his spawn, Harriet Bailey. In the beginning of the narrative, Douglass writes that he and his mother were separated when he was an infant and but saw her four or five times in the entirety of his life (Douglass 2). Douglass goes on to apologise that when he heard of his mother’s death, it was if he had just heard that a stranger passed. He was calloused towards the hearing of her death.This imagery of separation among Frederick as a young child and his mother paints a dismal picture for the reader. When writing that he was separated from his mother as a infant, Frederick Douglass gives the reader a picture of a baby being taken from its mother without consultation. Mothers are often seen as those who possess the skills and needs necessary to care for a young child. When stripped of these needs, the child suffers. Douglass uses this imagery in order to capture the reader’s reason for separation of the mother and child in bank to incline them to put a stop to it and slavery.Imagery was a key which Frederick Douglass used in order to persuade his readers to think down upon slavery. It is important for readers to picture these scenes so that they will know the true events which took place during slavery. The pugnacious actions of slave maters, the vulnerability of slaves, and the separation of slaves are further a few horrible events which happened during slavery. Certain events mesmerize the mind and hearts of readers to capture what t hey believe is to be wrong. Frederick Douglass believed slavery to be wrong. Imagery helped Douglass to portray this message in a way that could help the readers cogitate to the story.\r\n'

'Challenges Facing Developing Countries\r'

'Information document B Interoperability problems in the evolution countries 1. Introduction1 2. ontogenesis countries2 3. CIS and atomic routine 634 4. Asia-Pacific5 5. Americas8 6. Africa10 Introduction The ITU has do operative commitments to develop countries in a series of instruments: • bind 17 of the ITU Constitution that the functions of ITU-T be to be performed â€Å" attitude in mind the agencyicular concerns of the ontogenesis countries”; • dissolver 123 (Rev. Antalya, 2006) on bridging the bannerisation gap; and Resolution 139 (Antalya, 2006) which invites element States to implement quick Resolution 37 (Rev. Doha, 2006) of the gentleman Tele confabulation Development Conference on bridging the digital divide. Between the exploitation and developed countries on that point is a general digital divide of which one fraction is the standardisation gap. This is recognised in Resolution 44 (Johannesburg, 2008) as having three dimensions: â⠂¬Â¢ The disparity of voluntary standardization; • The disparity of mandatory adept regulations; and • The disparity of accordance assessment.Resolution 76 (Johannesburg, 2008) on accommodateance and interoperability examen considered: • that whatever countries, especi whollyy the developing countries, take for non stock-still acquired the capacity to trial run equipment and submit assurance to consumers in their countries; and • that plusd confidence in the conformance of entropy and communication technologies (ICT) equipment with ITU-T hearimonials would increase the chances of end-to-end interoperability of equipment from distinct manufacturers, and would doer developing countries in the choice of solutions. zero(prenominal)ed: the quest to go to developing countries in facilitating solutions which leave point interoperability and reduce the speak to of systems and equipment procurement by operators, especial(a)ly in the developing countries, whilst alter product lineament; Resolved: • assist developing countries in identifying military personnel and institutional capacity-building and training opportunities in complaisance and interoperability exam; • assist developing countries in establishing regional or subregional consonance and interoperability centres suit equal to(p) to perform conformity and interoperability interrogatorying as appropriate;Instructed the Director of TSB: • to conduct exploratory activities in each region in ensn arliness to identify and prioritize the problems set more or less by developing countries link to achieving interoperability of ICT equipment and dish out; The undermentioned sections review the dos of developing countries and then the interoperability problems identified by developing countries in the divers(prenominal) regions: CIS & Europe, Asia-Pacific, the Americas, Africa and the Arab states. Developing countries The ITU holds de veloping countries to involve three item categories: Least genuine Countries (LDCs); • clear Island Developing States (SIDS); and • Countries with Economies in Transition (EIT). It does non mold these wrong, but manipulations the definitions provided by the General Assembly of the join Nations and by its Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC). [1] Least Developed Countries (LDCs) subsequently part be identified by the fol down in the mouthing three criteria: • Low-in devolve, a three-year average of Gross internal Income (GNI) per capita (under US$ 745 for inclusion, above US$ 900 for graduation); A manifold Human Assets Index (HAI) based on: component of community undernourished, mortality rate for children aged basketball team years or under, the puntary initiate read yetment ratio and adult literacy rate; and • A heterogeneous Economic Vulnerability Index (EVI) based on: population size, remoteness, merchandise export concentration, sh are of agriculture, forestry and fisheries in GDP, home littleness owing to natural disasters, unstableness of agricultural production, and instability of exports of goods and services.While in that respect is ample overlap betwixt LDCs and SIDS, the last mentioned face signifi adviset supernumerary problems to compass sustainable tuition, beca intent of their small populations, limited resources, remoteness, susceptibility to natural disasters and overweening dependence on inter gist mess. The produce and tuition of SIDS engage been disadvantaged by tall gear transportation and communication costs (e. g. , use of satellites in the absence of undersea cables), disproportionately pricy usual administration and infrastructure ( payable to their small size) and the absence of opportunities to wee economies of scale. 2] Countries with Economies In Transition (EIT) are those touching from a centrally planned economy to a issue opposeet. This requires frugal liberal ization, the removal of price controls, the down in the mouthering of trade barriers, the restructuring and privatization of monetary and industrial sectors. It is usually characterised by the cosmea of new frame institutions, including buck private enterprises taking on activities previously performed by the state and new instruments for state governance, such as a theme regulatory ascendance for telecommunications.In the 1990s, these comprised the countries formerly members of the CMEA, virtually of which are now members of the WTO and the EU. The problems faced in EITs have acceptd the absence of a constructive policy frame fit, the slowness of the establishment of the cyberspace infrastructure, the training of people to use it and to exploit commercially the information and knowledge that it hits available. The issue of interoperability has sprain more(prenominal) important as countries deploy e-government systems. In influence to provide high- stair services to c itizens it is important that services green goddess be main courseed from the replete(p)st possible range of equipment.UNDP has make an e- heydayr on e-government, setting out the vision and value of interoperability and the step required to achieve this. It explains the value of e-government interoperability frame influences, the parties that motive to be multiform and are the critical success factors. InfoDev has an eGovernment handbook for developing countries. Despite the enormous progress made in bridging the digital divide and, in particular, the standardization gap, there remain real problems in considerations of conformance and interoperability due to: pretermit of merciful capacity and of training opportunities; and • Weak institutional systems for: o Standardization, o Testing, o Certification, and o Market surveillance. However, the challenges are ut c retire from uniform, requiring careful assessment of regional and topic caboodle and experiences. CI S and Europe The European Union has legal viands that directly address interoperability and empower regulatory governing to get a line the interoperability of systems (see information document C).For example, the EC select DVB-H as a common standard for peregrine television to achieve interoperability throughout Europe. In 2005, the ITU published a study entitled Towards Interoperable ewellness for Europe with the Telemedicine Alliance. A previous study had identified interoperability as a major obstacle to the implementation of eHealth, which the second report addressed in the form of a strategic plan for trans-national eHealth interoperability. Its aim is to assist stakeholders at all levels in taking action to achieve real and sustainable interoperability. 3] As part of its eHealth consummation Plan, the European delegation has adopted a Recommendation on cross-border interoperability of electronic wellness record systems (2008/594/EC). This provide cover that electronic health record systems interoperate, allowing health professionals from an opposite clownish to access vital patient of information from a home doctor and hospital, improving the quality and safety of medical care. The multinational practical(prenominal) Laboratory for Enterprise Interoperability (INTEROP-VLab) emerged from interrogation projects funded by the European Commission.Its mission is to consolidate, develop and maintain the European re look to community in the domain of Enterprise Interoperability. In the United Kingdom, a survey of IEEE 802. 11b/g Wi-Fi employ for the Office of Communications (OFCOM) found a considerable variety of problems, umteen due to causes former(a) than spectrum (e. g. , pumped-up(a) Internet and device configuration errors). Spectrum issues tended to be disturbance among devices in the 2. 4 GHz doctrine band, rather than congestion.However, in the centre of London demands on the band were higher than elsewhere and users experienced twa in interference and congestion. Interference in the midst of different fictitious characters of radio device lead to a proposal for a certification scheme with a broad ‘2. 4 GHz friendly’ logo rather than the accomplished ‘Wi-Fi-friendly’ mark, to befriend drive acceptance of innovative technologies in that band. Asia-Pacific One of the miserableer of the Asian countries was the beneficiary of a succession of initiatives by national and world-wide aid programmes to assist the evelopment of its telecommunications infrastructure. [4] A side effect of this was that the equipment provided or purchased in the different projects were from different manufacturers, often selected by or linked to the donor agency. However, the variety of equipment could non slowly be made to interoperate. The effects on the area were to increase the costs of training for its limited kitty of technicians and experts (often with supranational travel), while it bring down the flexibility of use of the equipment.The already limited economies of scale in this plain were made worse by fragmentation crosswise different communicates and systems, raising the costs for operators and thus for citizens. at bottom the Asia-Pacific Telecommunity Standardization Programme (ASTAP), the Industry Relations sort out (IRG) addresses the call for and concerns of operators and manufacturers. At the 11th Meeting of ASTAP in June 2006 there was a Workshop on uniformity opinion in the APECTEL Mutual Recognition Arrangements (MRA).It was recognized that input from industry input into ASTAP and APECTEL could help to ameliorate their surgical operation. The IRG subsequently developed a questionnaire on font-approval and conformity assessment. Between June 2006 and February 2007, responses were obtained from 21 companies and 4 regulators, in Afghanistan, Australia, Iran, Japan, Macau SAR, Papua in the altogether Guinea, Singapore and Thailand. This identified issu es in terms of: • cost: o Mandatory in-country testing, rather than accepting attest test payoffs from former(a) countries, Preparation of documentation for resignation to the regulator, o Testing to meet special(prenominal) national standards not aligned with international standards; • Delays: o judgment of conviction taken to approve a product after documents are submitted, o Testing to national standards not aligned with international standards. The survey identified actions to modify type approval process, including the recognition of certified test reports from other countries by Australia and Singapore, and limiting standards in skillful regulations to international standards, avoiding national variations.An Asia-Pacific regional compliance mark was proposed, one that would be accepted by all national authorities, without further testing or documentation. The IRG labeled for national authorities to accept accredited test reports from other countries in orde r to reduce costs and cadence delays in type approval. The intricacy of telecommunication networks, two in geographic coverage and the range of services, in response to market demand is a unbroken process for operators, especially in very rapidly growth Asian markets. Operators have two options: a) procurement of equipment from the original vender; or ) Procurement of the better value equipment available at the duration, not inescapably from the original vendor. However, the second option is not unendingly possible as equipment from different vendors may not be fully interoperable. The procurement of additional equipment is, therefore, cumber to be from the original vendor. The practical difficulties faced by this lack of interoperability in two types of networks are explained on a lower floor. in that respect are many proprietary implementations of Mobile shift by reversal Centres ( samariums), Base Station Controllers (BSCs) and Base Station Transceivers (BTSs).Alth ough the porthole between the MSC and the BSC is now considered stable, the Abis user interface between BSCs and BTSs is not yet interoperable (see approximate 1). Where additional BTSs are required, in order to meet growing demand, the network operator is constrained to purchase these from the vendor whose BSCs are already deployed. Figure 1Issues related to fluid networks [pic] An operator in India has experienced interoperability issues in the expansion of its GSM network. Its planners assumed that BSCs and BTSs required to be supplied by the homogeneous vendor, due to the proprietary interface between the two.However, the interface between the BSC and the MSC, which is an open standard, required considerable time and effort before interworking could be achieved between equipment from different vendors. Two of the essential components for Intelligent communicate (IN) services are the usefulness Control Point (SCP) and the Service Switching Point (SSP), the latter is normal ly part of the switch or local exchange (see Figure 2). Consequently, whenever the operator needs to deploy a new switch it has to be purchased from a atomic take 53 supplier, to ensure interoperability with existing infrastructure.Figure 2Issues related to better Intelligent vane (IN) [pic] An Indian operator found that SCPs failed to interwork with SSPs from different manufacturers. This issue is considered critical in view of the regulatory demand to interconnect INs of different service providers. In April 2009, at the CTO/ITU-T Forum on NGN Standardization in Sri Lanka, the issue of non-interoperability was raised. Rajeshwar Dayal from the Indian discussion section of Telecommunications (DoT), identified the need for interoperability between and within NGNs (see slides).The following month at the ITU regional Preparatory Meeting for the Asia and Pacific Region, India proposed that ITU prepare a reference document endureing interoperability requirements at the equipment lev el to help smooth the implementation of NGNs. An NGN Pilot Project by the Iran Telecom Research Center (IRTC) identified a routine of problems associated with NGNs supplied by: Alcatel, Huawei, Siemens and ZTE (presented at ITU Kaleidos pull off). [5] This hold that NGN was not yet a mature technology and therefore subject to interim problems, that should eventually be eliminated.Tests were conducted initially between equipment of a single vendor, then between different vendors. Problems were identified with the implementations of the ITU-T G. 729 codec and ITU-T H. 248, plus difficulties with the call servers from one manufacturer not being able to control the access, media or auguring gateways of other vendors. The problems had been caused by some vendors not implementing standards completely or having through so imprecisely, while some standards were found to contain ambiguities. AmericasIn the USA, Section 256 of the Communications transaction of 1996 requires the FCC to es tablish procedures to make out coordinated network planning by providers of telecommunications services. The Act besides authorizes the FCC to participate in standards organizations working on network interconnectivity. It is advised by the Network dependability and Interoperability Council (NRIC), which makes recommendations to ensure, under â€Å"all reasonably foreseeable part”, interoperability of networks, including reliability, robustness, security and interoperability of communications networks.One of the major issues addressed by NRIC in recent years has been to ensure the interoperability of deepen services for need calls (i. e. , to 911). Interoperability for e-government has been addressed by the main(prenominal) Information Officers Council (CIO). Concerns over problems of the non-interoperability of emergency services communication systems became a matter of macrocosm concern, following by chance avoidable deaths of firemen in the collapse of the naked as a jaybird York ball Trade Center on 9th September 2001 and over again after Hurricane Katrina. 6] The US Congress called for work to fragmentize interoperability problems in emergency response communications. [7] To achieve the policy-making objectives, Project 25 (P25) was established as a maturation process for the design, manufacture and evaluation of interoperable digital two-way wireless(prenominal) communications products for everyday safety services. The suite of P25 standards is administered by the Telecommunications Industry connective (TIA) and consists of the following interfaces: • Common Air port (CAI); • Inter-RF Subsystem Interface (ISSI); • Fixed/Base Station Subsystem Interface (FSSI); • locker Subsystem Interface (CSSI); Network Management Interface; • information Network Interface; • lecturer Data fringy Interface; and • Telephone Interconnect Interface. The P25 Compliance Assessment Program (CAP) is a partne rship between the Department of Homeland credential’s Command, Control and Interoperability section (CID), the national Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), suppliers and the emergency services. It seeks to: • take care that emergency response technologies meet the needs of practitioners; • help oneself officials in making informed purchasing decisions; • run vendors with a method of testing equipment for P25 compliance; and encourage the migration to standards-based communications systems. As of May 2008, eight private advertiseatories had been accredited, utilize ISO 17025, for P25 conformance testing. These can test equipment against standards that ensure radios and other equipment interoperate †regardless of manufacturer †enabling emergency responders to exchange critical communications. Additionally, there two non-governmental bodies as: • Emergency Interoperability Consortium (EIC); and • OASIS Emergency Interope rability. These work on the festering of appropriate standards. Anatel has identified problems with fixed network equipment in: Incompatibilities with: o xDSL: between chipsets in Central Office (CO) and node Premises Equipment (CPE), and o GPON: between Optical Line Terminals (OLT) and Optical Network Units (ONU); • Interoperability problems between: o softswitches using SIP and SIP-I standards, o PABX-IP equipment and NGN, and o Call Agent (CA) and Media entrance (MG), when using the T. 38 fax with MEGACO protocol. Similarly with mobile networks, it has found problems with Inter-RAT (Radio Access Technology): • Voice and data failures going from 2G on 1,800 MHz to 3G on 850 MHz and vice versa; On registration, instead of performing a type 02 a type 00 location update was performed; • With 2G, on moving from 900 MHz to 1800 MHz and vice versa there were portion call interruptions; • Despite automatic network search for 3G on 850MHz band, eldest tried a t ype 00 location update with 2G on 1800 MHz; • A loss of network signal with 2 or 3G on any frequency band, terminals failed to repeat network registration when in an area with network signal; and • Where there was no roaming enabled, but a petty(a) IMSI was available the SIM card terminal did not automatically restart the application for the second IMSI.Africa Much of the ICT equipment in developing countries is old, but has yet to be draw back from use, because of limited groovy to purchase re engineerments. The interfaces and protocols of such systems are not able to communicate with any contemporary systems that are more complex and sophisticated. It required the use of gateways which reduces functionality and increases costs. For example, one international operator wishing to provide lower cost international connectivity into a NE African country had to provide a special gateway to what it considered obsolete technology.Un bid in the developed world, approximat ely African countries do not have laboratories to test whether or not communications equipment and systems conform to the required international, regional and national standards, making interoperability testing a challenge. Exceptions include Egypt, Morocco, southwestward Africa and Tunisia (see information document I). Rwanda has seen a profusion of very low-cost GSM handsets. Like India, many of these have proved to be counterfeit, with no verification that they comply with international safety standards or that they conform to network standards and interoperate without causing problems.Tanzania has identified a number of issues shown in Table 1. Table 1Interoperability issues in Tanzania |SN |Item |Positive |Concern | |1 |Antennae have different standards |Incentive to roll out in |Joined networks instead of single network that | | |for different vendor and types |underserved areas |result in duplication of robement funds and operational | | |e. . space diversity, combining, | Increased consumption | phthisis e. g. spare stock, training | | |polar | | | |2 |New technology (upgrade) |Increased competition |Delays or not possible to access some application or| | |compatibility with old versions |Service differentiation |documents e. g Windows 2003 to 2007 or VISTA. | |but not vice versa | |Forced to change from R2 signalling for circuit | | | | |(packet) switching and later likely to IP else miss | | | | |VAS applications | | | | |Environment issue e. g.Exposure or Recycle of | | | | |absolute equipment such as antennae | |3 |Pre-paid and online payment |Easy customer entry and | imposeation stream authenticity | | |(credit card) |consumer choice of services |National Security issues | | | | |e. g. satellite phones | |4 |Liberalization of International |Competitive tariffs |Cyber security. | |gateways. |Improved quality of services |With two-fold gateways how ccTLD and Internet | | |VSAT, Earth stations, submarine | |exchanges are to be on optimal use. | | |cables and optic fibre | | inward international traffic revenue loss? | |5 |Transmission systems. PDH and SDH |Incentive to roll out broadband|Different control and operational procedure (Central| | |and monaural mode and DWDM optic fibre|data |operation management systems).Complex and pricy | | |Core switch (TeS, NGN) not able to|Possible sharing of capacity |integration for various vendors | | |parent various media gateways, RSU|(infrastructure) |Need to share customer information e. g. from EIR or | | |(xDSL) |Increased employment |blacklist and fraudsters. | | |Access interface V5. 1 and V5. 2 | |Difficult or too expensive to desegregate various vendor | | | | |equipment in the network.While specializing to a | | | | |single vendor also ties to limited QS, services and| | | | |costly upgrades. | |6 |Revenue assurance systems |Increase Customer satisfaction |Integration of modules for fixed, GSM and CDMA are | | | |Quality of service monitoring |likely to be too costly | | | | |Integration of data and voice |Few countries in Africa have in place the necessary accreditation systems and technical regulations need to provide a framework for the granting of certificates and licenses for the purvey of communications services or the supply of telecommunications equipment. in that respect is a general lack of expertise and human capacity in standardization. African countries have been less able than developed countries to participate in and to ferment standards making processes.One consequence of this is that they have been much less involved in the work of devising conformity and interoperability tests and then of conducting the tests of equipment and services. Training in standardization and testing has been insufficient and when available been expensive or involved travel. This has resulted in a lack of discernment of test results when they are submitted from accredited laboratories. In particular, there is a lack of understanding of international st andards concerning the implementation of interoperability of ICT systems and devices.The tremendous and growing number of producers of standards is seen as confusing, especially since the standards and the resulting equipment and interfaces are mostly not interoperable. As with the Indian example, African operators have encountered problems interoperating BSCs and BTSs from different manufacturers. Some types of equipment conforming to international standards are intended to operate in specific radio frequency bands, but this spectrum may not be available in Africa.This has made the cost-effective use of radio spectrum one of the key challenges African countries confront and which has brought about interoperability problems. The Southern Africa Telecommunications Association (SATA), a group of fixed incumbent operators, has identified specific interoperability challenges (see Table 1), relating to NGN equipment. Table 2Southern African interoperability challenges (Source: SATA) Eq uipment supplier and type |Interoperability problems with | | |Equipment Supplier |Equipment Type | |Huawei Technologies SoftSwitch |Nokia Siemens Networks |Trunk Gateway | |Huawei Technologies SoftSwitch |ZTE |CDMA Equipment (Fax problems) | |Huawei Technologies SoftSwitch |Alcatel-Lucent |WiMAX WAC | | on that point are several interoperability issues between the brag and the Element Managers from different suppliers. | |The standard Northbound interfaces between EM and the OSS are not always open, or the supplier is not testamenting to open | |those interfaces. | In summary, Africa faces the following problems: • Increased supply of poor quality equipment; • Difficulties in the selection of interoperable equipment from a wide range of vendors; • Lack of testing centres, facilities and trained professionals; • Lack of national or regional laws and regulations; and • Lack of understanding of ITU-T Recommendations, the conformance tests and their resu lts. ———————†1] Specific tasks have been assigned by the United Nations to the Office of the High Representative for the LDCs, landlocked Developing Countries (LLDCs) and SIDS (OHRLLS). [2] The telecommunications needs of SIDS are being studied by ITU-D under doubtfulness 23/2. [3] See, for example, European Connected Health leaders Summit ‘A Manifesto for Connected Health’ [4] Permission has not yet been granted by the country to disclose its name. [5] http://ieeseek. ieee. org/ielx5/4534704/4542234/04542262. pdf? arnumber=4542262 and http://ieeexplore. ieee. org/ielx5/4115171/4115172/04115219. pdf? isnumber=4115172 [6] Jerry Brito (2007) Sending out an S. O. S. public safety communications interoperability as a corporal action problem. Federal Communications Law ledger 59 (3) 457-92. [7] Senate Report 109-088. Departments of Commerce and Justice, Science, and Related Agencies Appropriations Bill, 2006. fellowship Repo rt 109-241. Making Appropriations for the Department of Homeland Security for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2006, and for new(prenominal) Purposes. ———————†BTS of Vendor A BSC of Vendor A MSC of Vendor A BTS of Vendor B proprietorship/Non-interoperable interface SSP of Vendor B Switch /LE Calling Card User Switch /LE SCP SSP SSP SCP of Vendor A SSP of Vendor A Called Subscriber Proprietary/Non-interoperable interface\r\nChallenges liner Developing Countries\r\nChallenges Facing Developing Countries Janita Aalto Principles of Microstintings ECO 204 Instructor Kathryn Armstrong March 28, 2011 Challenges Facing Developing Countries Developing countries, also known as tierce and fourth world countries; face scotch challenges that number one world countries do not face, on a large scale. Poverty, low literacy evaluate, poor enthronements in both human hood and house servant dandy, poor aliment and devastation to population s due to the human immunodeficiency virus support epidemic contribute to developing countries moving towards breeding.\r\nThe primary focus of this paper is to explore the impact the human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome pandemic has had on Sub-Sahara African economies and to explore the challenges facing developing countries to piddle domestic nest egg. The impact on the economies of some of the African countries is still not completely known. If we look at economic impacts, first we must look at the human cost human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS is having on Africa’s economic tuition and ability to cope with the pandemic.\r\nAccording to an online journal, there are four variables that insinuate the effects on Africa’s future development: â€Å"Economic research helps to estimate the effects of human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS on the African economy and the cost effectiveness of prevention and treatment programmes; Economic possibl eness predicts that human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS reduces labour supply and productivity, reduces exports, and increase imports; The pandemic has already reduced average national economic growth range by 2-4% a year across Africa; Prevention and treatment programmes and economic measures such as targeted training in skills require in key industries will limit the economic effects of HIV/AIDS”, (BMJ. 2002, p. 232). In examining the economic effects of HIV/AIDS, it is hard to look bypast the fact that over 17 million African people have lost their lives to HIV/AIDS and has 70% of all HIV/AIDS related cases in the world. These are staggering statistics. As describe in the above journal article, the mortality rates have caused a reduced labor supply, reduced labor productivity and reduced exports and increased exports. The population of people hardest hit by the HIV/AIDS pandemic are the prime-aged adults. HIV/AIDS robs industries of both skilled workers and a multiplica tion of workers in their prime working years.\r\nThe associated illnesses and sickness as a result of HIV/AIDS can lead to high absenteeism which impacts labor productivity. The effects of a reduced labor supply and reduced labor productivity, â€Å"reduces exports, while imports of expensive healthcare goods may increase. The decline in export cyberspace will be severe if strategic sectors of the economy are assumeed. The balance of payments (between export earnings and import expenditure) will come under squeeze at the same time that government budgets come under pressure. This could cause defaults on debt repayments and require economic assistance from the international community”, (BMJ. 2002, p. 233).\r\nIn a 1992 macroeconomics a study on the impact of HIV/AIDS in Africa, it was concluded that â€Å"reduced handiness of skilled labour would reduce growth rates by about 50% and investment by 75%, that imports of food and other basic products would increase, and that exports of manufacture and other products would decline”. It was also estimated that by 2010, â€Å"South African’s GDP per capita would be some 8% low and consumption per capita would be about 12% lower than would have been the case without the HIV/AIDS pandemic”, (BMJ. 2002, p. 234). The pandemic will have lasting effects on the economic development on the Sub-Sahara African countries without international assistance. â€Å"An important step in limiting the economic effects of the pandemic is to develop comprehensive policies tailored to the needs of the economies of singular countries.\r\nThese policies will inevitably include the introduction of treatment and prevention programmes but may also include economic measures, such as targeted training of skills need in key industries”, (BMJ. 2002, p. 234). One way to help stabilize the economy may be to uphold expensive antiretroviral drugs at â€Å"highly productive groups of socioeconomic groups in spe cific industries on the basis of their theatrical role to economic output rather than their healthcare needs”, (BMJ. 2002, p. 235). This would most likely be a arguable plan, but the strategy would help the people in those groups and buy time for skills training and development of a new work force to replace those that will either lose their health or their lives.\r\nIt would also boost the economy if industry production levels can be maintained and exports of goods can remain at a profitable pace. The pandemic is having a major effect on breeding expectation, which has been dropping. â€Å" In Zimbabwe, for example, life expectancy is 40 instead of 69. In septette countries in Sub-Saharan Africa, life expectancies are below 40 years of age”, (CHG, 2009, p. 3). Not still does this impact the work force, but impacts the children, many of whom lose not only one, but both parents, and other family members that might be able to take them in. quite these children now become a government responsibility, as they are put into orphanages, group homes, etc. It is estimated that there are 15 million orphaned children across Africa.\r\nStandards of living are decreasing, and countries that were once starting to make progress both socioeconomically and economically are headed backwards instead of forward. Poverty is increasing as the family breadwinners are dying or becoming helpless by their illnesses. If there are savings, those savings are dwindling as people use their savings just to survive. With mainly young adults dying off, the tax base is shrinking which reduces a countries ability to invest in human roof, such as bringing up and health services, which puts pressure on government pay and reduces economic growth. Investment in pedagogics is not a priority with the belief that children will puzzle HIV/AIDS in adulthood. The poor education of children translates into low adult productivity a times later. This raises important social and fis cal implications for economic policy. The first is the threat of worsening inequality. If the children left orphaned are not given the care and education enjoyed by those whose parents remain uninfected there will be increasing inequality amount the next generation of adults and the families they form”, (CHG, 2009, p. 6). Investing in human capital is one of the keys to bringing economic growth to developing countries. According to an online website, human capital is defined as â€Å"the set of skills which an employee acquires on the job, through training and experiences”, (InvestorWords. com).\r\nAn investment in human capital also includes; development of and access to, health and upkeep programs. â€Å"Recent studies mention that 40 percent of the population of the developing nations has an annual income insufficient to provide adequate nutrition”, (Case, fair(a) & Oster, 2009, p. 427). Low nutrition affects health and poor health affects productivity . Low productivity levels then affect the ability to provide for one’s family, let alone provide any surplus that can be sold and the priggishty put into savings. at that place are two explanations as to why capital is in such short supply in developing countries. The first is the vicious-cycle-of-poverty hypothesis.\r\nAccording to our text, â€Å"the vicious-cycle-of-poverty hypothesis suggests that a poor nation must consume most of its income just to maintain its already low standard of living. Consuming most of national income implies limited savings, and this implies low levels of investment”, (Case, funfair & Oster, 2009, p. 428). Investment is required for capital stock to grow and for income levels to rise. Without it, â€Å"poverty becomes self-perpetuating”, (Case, good & Oster, 2009, p. 428), and the cycle is complete. The second explanation is that there is a lack of financial incentives for citizens to save and invest, as well as a la ck of financial institutions. It is common for the wealthier citizens to invest their monies in Europe or the United States instead of in their own countries.\r\nThe term for this is capital flight, which â€Å"refers to the fact that both human capital and financial capital leave developing countries in search of higher expected rates of pay elsewhere or returns with less risk”, (Case, Fair & Oster, 2009, p. 428). According to an online article, â€Å"Africa is estimated to lose hundreds of billions of dollars in domestic revenues annually through capital flight”, (Africa Renewal, 2008, p. 12). In order to hoist this trend, it is imperative that the government hit the barriers that turn away wealthy citizens from investing in their own countries. Without domestic savings, investment isn’t possible. Without investment, growth isn’t possible and this cycle continues much like the vicious-cycle-of-poverty hypothesis.\r\nWhat decisions do leaders of a developing country make in order to stimulate domestic savings and in turn, capital? If I were the death chair of a developing country, I would invest in human capital and banking reform. In investing in human capital, I would target health and nutrition programs for kids and young adults, the next generation of workers. With life expectancy rates falling, efforts must be made to reverse that trend. A much larger investment in education would be made; incentives for college kids that go to school abroad to return to their home country and work in their field for a required number of years. I would emphasize training and skill development for replacement workers in the industries hit hardest by HIV/AIDS.\r\nIn investing in banking reform, I would endure incentives to people who put their money in banks and other financial institutions. Some of the reasons African people in particular do not put money in savings flyers are; â€Å"physical duration from banking institutions, high minimum deposit and balance requirements…and the considerable documentation needed to open an account”, (Africa Renewal, 2008, p. 7). There are also a limited number of banks available and with over 60 percent of African people living in rural areas, they just don’t have physical access to banks, unless they travel a long distance. In order to convince people to put their savings in banks, interest paid on savings would need to be high and interest rates on loans low.\r\nSomehow, people must be encouraged to place their money into savings so money will be available for future investments. â€Å"The UNCDF noted in its 2004 report that in Rwanda about half a million savings passbook accounts, with an average account size of $57, pulled almost $40 mn into circulation in 2001. â€Å" Although this may not appear significant”, argued the UNCDF, â€Å"proper circulation of these funds into credit products could have a significant multiplier effect in the Rwand an economy”, (Africa Renewal, 2008, p. 7). Poverty, low literacy rates, poor investments in both human capital and domestic capital, poor nutrition and devastation to populations due to the HIVAIDS pandemic contribute to developing countries moving towards development.\r\nFor these countries to become economically viable, the governments must encourage citizens to invest in their own countries and not rely on international assistance. It’s time for both the citizens and the governments to step up and help themselves. References: Case, K. E. , Fair, R. C. and Oster, S. E. (2009) Principles of Microeconomics (9th ed. ) Upper Saddle River, New tee shirt:  Pearson Prentice Hall. Dovi, E. (2008) Boosting domestic savings in Africa: From Africa Renewal, Vol. 22#3 (October 2008), page 12, Retrieved on March, 26, 2011, from http://www. un. org/ecosocdev/geninfo/afrec/vol22no3/223-boosting-domestic-savi ngs. tml Economic Commission for Africa, CHG: Commission on HIV/AIDS and political science in Africa: Africa: The Socio-Economic Impact of HIV/AIDS, Index No. CHGA-B-11-003, Retrieved on March 27, 2011, from http://www. uneca. org/chga/doc/SOCIO_ECO_IMPACT. pdf InvestorWords, Retrieved on March, 20, 2011, from http://www. investorwords. com copyright©2011 by WebFinance, Inc. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. PubMed Central: The impact of HIV and AIDS on Africa’s economic development Simon Dixon, Scott McDonald, and Jennifer Roberts BMJ, 2002 January 26; 324(7331):232-235 PMCID:PMC1122139 ; Retrieved on March 25, 2011, from http://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pmc/articles/PMC1122139\r\n'